The question is how much damage is needed. If the designers put in some tolerance for potential damage, yes the additional heat will cause more wear on the surfaces, but may not necessarily cause loss of the vehicle.
At 4600mph, there’s not much room for tolerance to damage.
And it would have to fly high up to minimize drag and friction.
(The AIM-54 phoenix missile flew at mach 5, it would clear the launch platform, then climb up to thinner air and do its homing burn, then do a terminal dive on the target.)
We have ship borne missiles that can reach into low earth orbit.