He could not use either of those documents to obtain a passport.
I'd like to see what document(s) he used to obtain his passport. Did he naturalize through the US Embassy in Canada, or did he file a form with the US Department of State to obtain a Report of Birth Abroad?
Those forms contain information on the citizenship, names etc of both parents. Place of birth, and the means by which citizenship was conferred.
Yes he could.
Your foreign birth certificate (translated to English),
Evidence of citizenship of your U.S. citizen parent, Your parents' marriage certificate, and
A statement of your U.S. citizen parent detailing all periods and places of residence or physical presence in the United States and abroad before your birth