I was interested in the bitcoin concept and understand it well enough but I wanted a little more background information. But I'm not so interested that I want to spend hours digging for what should be in a basic prospectus. If the info I was looking for isn't easily available and easy to state then it seems no different than the secret "primary holders" in the Fed Reserve system.
I gave you a link to a google search of your particular question about what math problems do bitcoin algorithms solve?
One of the results gives an extremely simplified sketch of the problem.