New York State constitution 1821
Assuming that I am under the impression that race relations were perfect in Northern states would be a mistake. Assuming that I am under the impression that restrictive covenants, miscegenation laws, and other unequal policies did not exist in such areas would likewise be in error.
On the other hand, to deny that Black Codes as a systemic, often statewide mechanism to deny former slaves full civil rights was a product of Southern Democratic Party reaction to losing the Civil War, is a Southron attempt at revisionist history that has no place here.