Nope, the SCOTUS majority said that the mandate was not a tax for purposes of the Anti-Injunction Act, so that challenges to it were ripe now. It then went on to hold that it was a tax for purposes of the Constitution, and upheld it as not being a "direct tax."
The 24th Amendment doesn't come into play here, because not paying the penalty doesn't take away your right to vote.
So, then not paying means that I can vote in jail?
Doesn't not paying that tax qualify as a felony? If so, then not paying does take away the privilege of voting.