So how does light know the speed of it’s origin without a limiting medium? This has always been my issue with a set speed of light. When my spaceship is going .5C and I turn on my headlights, how do the light particles “know” what the current speed is? Further, all speed is measured based on relative position . In a swirling universe, how exactly does one go about defining the null? Light in space doesn’t have medium constrict is like sound does on earth.
I see in you the makings of a great scientist. That is the kind of question Einstein asked. Maxwell's equations, which are very useful in describing electromagnetics, predict, or at least account for, the speed of light in terms of two independently measurable quantities, the permittivity and permeability of space.
Before Special Relativity, scientists recognized that this speed (as you perceived) must be referred to some medium in which the light waves travel. Effort was expended to find out what this medium was. The most famous and best experiment was the Michelson-Morley attempt to measure the speed of the earth through the "luminescent ether". The earth moves around the sun at 18 km/sec. Attempts to detect a difference of 36 km/sec in the speed of light, or any difference in speed, depending on direction, failed completely.
What was going on?
Einstein showed that one could get consistent results by abandoning an absolute frame of reference and the notion of absolute time, if all [inertial] reference frames were treaty equally. This required adopting some counter-intuitive ideas, but lead to a consistent laws of physics. One counter intuitive result was the lengths of objects in relative motion changed along the direction of motion. May I recommend A.P. French's very readable Special Relativity, for a more complete answer to your question?