[Little Bill]

If I remember correctly, the Jews in the Papal States were under the Protection of the Pope.

[colorado tanker]

My recollection is that the record of the Early Modern Popes was very uneven, with some granting great tolerance to Jews and others persecuting them. Overall, I don't recall Italy after the Spanish established their influence being very hospitable.

[TheThirdRuffian]

I’m not Jewish (and had never heard of the Papal States until about three days ago), but if this is “protection,” then I’m the Pope:

Special badges or dress for Jews
Special taxes for Jews
Forcing Jews to remit debt of Christians
Banning, confiscating or burning Jewish law books and other writings.
Encouraging or forcing conversion of Jews
Expelling Jews from Papal territories or forcing Jews to live in ghettos.
Inquisition for backsliding converted Jews.

http://www.zionism-israel.com/hdoc/Papal_Bulls_Jews.htm