The fur traders and other commercial enterprises, English and Russian, Hudson's Bay, Virginia, were all chartered, crown charters and other oligarchical and aristocratic family charter companies. East India Company. The elephant in the room is corporations. The whole New World thing was corporations. The closest thing you might find to what you are probably looking for is the Plymouth Colony, and that is the model I think most likely to colonize Mars--a religious organization, monastic in some ways, but still corporate with private property rights.
I've actually read several SF books that pose just that. I think in one book it was the Hindus and in another was the Catholics (I.E. New Vatican).