I think you mean "posts", not blogs. Blogs are websites that offer commentary (and sometimes comments and dialog) about anything the owner wants to discuss.
FR is more of a news posting site (although there is a section for people with blogs).
Ping lists are lists of FReepers who have a special interest in a certain topic. The list manager "pings" the list, i.e., uses FR mail to notify the list, when the special topic is posted. I'm on the "Doggie Ping" list so I get notified of canine-related stories.
A "bump" is a way of posting a one word comment in order to keep a post active and near the top of page. Some people use BTTT (back to the top) the same way. The longer it's near the top, the more people who will have a chance to see it.
Hope this helps.
Thanks O1Line Rebel and Ginger for your insites