Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine

ORYX ^ | Since February 24, 2022 and daily | ORYX

[SpeedyInTexas]

This list only includes destroyed vehicles and equipment of which photo or videographic evidence is available. Therefore, the amount of equipment destroyed is significantly higher than recorded here. Small arms, ATGMs, MANPADS, loitering munitions, drones used as unmanned bait, civilian vehicles, trailers and derelict equipment are not included in this list. All possible effort has gone into avoiding duplicate entries and discerning the status of equipment between captured or abandoned. Many of the entries listed as 'abandoned' will likely end up captured or destroyed. Similarly, some of the captured equipment might be destroyed if it can't be recovered. When the origin of a piece of equipment can't be established, it is not included in the list. The Soviet flag is used when the equipment in question was produced prior to 1991. This list is constantly updated as additional footage becomes available.

[SpeedyInTexas]

Ukrainian Tank losses Running Total: 472

Ukrainian Artillery losses Running Total: 231

RuZZian Tank losses Running Total: 1807
March 2023 - 28
February 2023 – 118
January 2023 – 61
December 2022 – 76
November 2022 – 105
October 2022 – 212
September 2022 - 217
August 2022 – 74
July 2022 – 108
June 2022 – 67
May 2022 – 148
April 2022 – 243
Feb 24 - March 2022 – 350

RuZZian Artillery losses Running Total: 539
March 2023 - 14
February 2023 – 41
January 2023 – 31
December 2022 – 19
November 2022 – 55
October 2022 – 64
September 2022 - 73
August 2022 – 21
July 2022 – 21
June 2022 – 18
May 2022 – 20
April 2022 – 52
Feb 24 - March 2022 – 110

[MeganC]

Good morning, Speedy!

[SpeedyInTexas]

Good morning to you, evening with me in Asia. Still here a few more days!

[SpeedyInTexas]

“Intelligence Suggests Pro-Ukrainian Group Sabotaged Pipelines, U.S. Officials Say”

“New intelligence reporting amounts to the first significant known lead about who was responsible for the attack on the Nord Stream pipelines that carried natural gas from Russia to Europe.”

“New intelligence reviewed by U.S. officials suggests that a pro-Ukrainian group carried out the attack on the Nord Stream pipelines last year, a step toward determining responsibility for an act of sabotage that has confounded investigators on both sides of the Atlantic for months.

U.S. officials said that they had no evidence President Volodymyr Zelensky of Ukraine or his top lieutenants were involved in the operation, or that the perpetrators were acting at the direction of any Ukrainian government officials.

The brazen attack on the natural gas pipelines, which link Russia to Western Europe, fueled public speculation about who was to blame, from Moscow to Kyiv and London to Washington, and it has remained one of the most consequential unsolved mysteries of Russia’s year-old war in Ukraine.”

https://archive.ph/HntrW

[SpeedyInTexas]

“As if we are now getting used to almost daily videos from Russian mobilised soldiers, this one is different. The commander of this platoon is not appealing to Putin, but directly stating he is refusing to obey orders. These men were transferred to “DPR” for “meat assaults” and lost a major part of their personnel due to a “complete lack of training and reconnaissance”.”

https://twitter.com/wartranslated/status/1633212458662764556

[blitz128]

Brazen attack???
Like thousands of missiles and rockets leveling cities?
Sorry just gets my dander up.

[PIF]

Ukraine: military situation update with maps - Mar 7, 2023
(’Orc’ is associated with the various hoards of 13th century Mongol invaders, as well as LOTR evil villains)

War in Ukraine Explained/Reporting from Ukraine:
https://www.youtube.com/@RFU

Artillery (key to success in this war), Fuller explanation of Orc military structure, Other Bonus articles - see previous postings in “Attack on Europe” (FR title search).

(Numbered printed material below - Some of the items below may be out of date, and not updated yet)

••Denotes Transcribed Dialogue. The entirety of the analysis is from a Ukrainian guy named Reporting from Ukraine’s daily video - I only transcribe it. Extras are just that - from other sites, or my comments marked (Edit: .... ) or { } or [ ].

-—> Current to date and past MAPS: <——
https://militaryland.net/

-—> The True State of Russian Army <——
posted 2 months ago, 21.13 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KiII_2qabk

-—> Combined Arms Breach, what UA will have to master to smash Orc Lines <——
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZ-sCT_maAQ

———————————————————————————————————————
Extras:
-—> Ukraine Wants U.S. Cluster Bombs But Not For What You Think <——
Ukraine is asking the U.S. for Mk 20 Rockeye cluster bombs to dissect and use its submunitions for a unique purpose.
https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukraine-wants-u-s-cluster-bombs-but-not-for-what-you-think

Excerpt:
Ukraine is once again requesting access to U.S. stockpiles of controversial cluster bombs. However, this time around, Ukraine wants to essentially deconstruct the munitions and arm its drones with the cannibalized anti-armor bomblets.

Ukraine is specifically asking for Mk 20 Rockeye II cluster bombs. Also known as CBU-100, Ukraine’s reported plan for the weapons would not involve dropping them from combat aircraft. Instead, they would take the Mk 20s apart and their submunitions would be adapted into bomblets that will be dropped by lower-end drones.

Mk 20 is an air-dropped conventional free-fall weapon that weighs just under 500 pounds. The canister holding the bomblets opens mid-flight, dropping its 247 Mk 118 high-explosive, anti-tank (HEAT) submunitions onto the target area.

Beyond its kinetic effects, the fact that the Mk 118 submunition is fin-stabilized and has a reliable fuze would likely make it very attractive for Ukraine’s drone operations ... over one million Mk 20 units still currently exist in U.S. military stockpiles.

—
Ukraine is also reupping its ask for 155mm Dual-Purpose Conventional Improved Munition (DPICM) artillery cluster shells, each of which disperses 88 submunitions when fired. These weapons have been in use with the U.S. military since the 1970s and can be equipped with shaped or fragmentation charges, which are ideal for anti-armor and anti-personnel operations respectively.

It’s also worth noting that, despite the restrictions put upon the use of cluster bombs, many reports that have emerged throughout the now year-long conflict in Ukraine have detailed numerous instances where Russia has employed cluster munitions. Commonly mentioned has been the country’s 300mm Smerch cluster bomb that releases 72 submunitions over an expansive area. These strikes are presumed to have killed hundreds of civilians.

==
-—> Ukraine Situation Report: Belarus Admits Russian A-50 Radar Jet Damaged In Drone Attack <——
The Belarusian president has now admitted that a drone attack by partisans caused some damage to a Russian A-50 radar plane last month.
https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/ukraine-situation-report-belarus-admits-russian-a-50-radar-jet-damaged-in-drone-attack

Excerpt:
Lukashenko has claimed that more than 20 people have been arrested following a drone attack on a Russian A-50 Mainstay airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) aircraft at Machulishchy Air Base, Belarus, late last month. Lukashenko confirmed that an attack using a “small drone” did indeed take place but said the radar plane suffered only superficial damage.

Lukashenko now admits that the attack resulted in at least a limited amount of damage to the aircraft. This may support claims that the jet was subsequently flown to Taganrog in Russia, to undergo repairs, as well as the apparent changes in appearance to the forward-fuselage satellite communications (SATCOM) dome, which would seem to be consistent with this area having been repaired or its cowling swapped out.

==
“It is very complicated to kill between 12,000 and 20,000 Ukrainian soldiers by tomorrow morning,” Prigozhin added. “Such masters only exist in the depths of the general staff or at Soyuzmultfilm,” he said, with a reference to a Soviet-era cartoon studio.

==
Ukraine today identified the soldier who was shot dead by Russian forces after being captured as a prisoner of war as 40-year-old Tymofiy Mykolayovych Shadura. Assigned to the 30th Independent Mechanized Brigade, Shadura was posted missing in action during fighting around Bakhmut early last month.

==
The governor of the region, Serhiy Haidai, described the situation in Luhansk as “stable and controlled.” He said that the Russians have “pulled back to replenish their reserves” but that attacks in the direction of Bilohorivka and Kreminna have recently increased.

“Freshly mobilized Russians are demotivated when their commanders abandon them when they see the real number of losses of the Russian Army, as well as the conditions in which they found themselves at the front,” Haidai said.

He added: “The Russians in the occupied territories treat the local population even more aggressively - they take out their anger on civilians due to the lack of success at the front.”

==
There are unconfirmed reports that Russian-occupied Crimea has again come under Ukrainian attack, although the Russian-installed governor of Sevastopol today denied this. Reportedly, explosions were heard near Belbek Air Base, a key hub for Russian Aerospace Forces and an area that has come under attack previously.

“The public is again writing about some kind of explosion near the airfield,” Sevastopol’s governor Mikhail Razvozhaev posted to Telegram. “This is a lie. Ship crews are training… Everything is calm in the city.”

==
-—> B-21 Raider Seen From Above In New Image <——
As the B-21 creeps towards its first flight, still slated for later this year, we are getting new looks at it and new insights.
https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/b-21-raider-seen-from-above-in-new-image

Excerpt:
Overall, the B-21 has an organic look to it, almost as if it was grown, not constructed. It serves as a testament to how far production of large-span composite structures and related material sciences have come in the decades since its predecessor’s roll-out.

==
-—> 200 NGAD Fighters, 1,000 Advanced Drones In USAF’s Future Plans <——
200 next-gen ‘fighters’ paired with 300 F-35s and 1,000 advanced drones will underpin the USAF’s future tactical air combat strategy.
https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/200-ngad-fighters-1000-advanced-drones-in-usafs-future-plans

Excerpt:
The DAF [Department of the Air Force] is moving forward with a family of systems for the next generation of air dominance,” Kendall said in his speech. “That will include both an NGAD platform and the introduction of uncrewed collaborative aircraft to provide affordable mass and dramatically increased cost-effectiveness.”

The NGAD platform he referred to here is a sixth-generation stealthy crewed combat jet now under development. The future crewed combat aircraft and the CCAs are part of the Air Force’s broader NGAD initiative, which also includes work on new weapons, sensors, networking and battle management capabilities, advanced jet engines, and more.

It’s worth pointing out that a total of 200 NGAD combat jets is roughly equivalent to the size of the Air Force’s F-22 Raptor stealth fighter fleet. The service announced its intention to phase out the F-22 back in 2021, with the clear implication that the type would be replaced by this new combat aircraft. We also know that F-22s are being used to support the development of its successor.

———————————————————————————————————————
[The story of the Battle of Vuhledar]

Reporting from Ukraine:
https://www.youtube.com/@RFU
••Day 377.

While everyone is focused on Bakhmut, many missed how Ukrainians just won the biggest tank battle in this war.

After the fights around Vuhledar once again became positional, Ukrainian commanders could finally review the result of the 3-week long battle and shared in an exclusive interview what strategies and tactics they used to stop more than 200 hundred Russian tanks and armored vehicles.

The largest assault on Vuhledar throughout the war began on the night of 24th January:

Russians concentrated their artillery fire on key Ukrainian strong points, opened several axes of advance, and successfully pushed Ukrainians from the hamlets around the town.

The first days were the hardest for Ukrainians because it took around 2 days to relocate enough reserves, but once the reserves arrived, Russians started losing ground.

Unable to accept the loss, Russian commanders decided to raise the stakes.

Four weeks ago, they opened more lines of attack, engaged main battle tanks, and started using their most valuable military assets, such as thermobaric artillery systems.

This is where it became impossible for Ukrainians to hold defense by just using brute force, and they had to become more creative.

The first thing Ukrainians did was to increase air reconnaissance in the region. The intense use of drones continuously gave a lot of insights into where Russians accumulate their forces and deploy reconnaissance groups.

Ukrainians did not assume that Russians would use the same roads all the time and analyzed which areas Russian reconnaissance groups were exploring and in proximity to which roads Russians were deploying their armor.

After that, they could predict with a high degree of accuracy the place of the next attack.

The best way to deflect a heavy attack is to prepare ambushes, so the next thing Ukrainians did was to send a team of miners to mine the area. But interestingly, they did not mine the roads, they only mined the fields. This way, Russians had to use columns, and they were effectively funneled into the prepared kill zone.

Once the setting was ready, Ukrainians assumed their positions and waited for the attack, which did not take long to happen.

A Ukrainian commander, Bairak, recalled that the first Russian column that got ambushed consisted of about 15 tanks and armored vehicles.

He said that everyone was just quietly waiting until the column reached a predetermined checkpoint, and once the mark was crossed, they received the order “to battle!”

The first thing that usually happens is a small Ukrainian infantry unit equipped with anti-tank missiles takes out vehicles in front and the rear of the column.

This unit is usually located the closest to the ambush somewhere in the tree belts.

After the first vehicles are destroyed or damaged, the column becomes essentially blocked.

Some people start panicking and try to get around them through the fields, exactly where Ukrainians laid their mines.

At that point, Ukrainian artillery opens fire at the predetermined coordinates, blowing up more armor and killing soldiers who clamber out of disabled machines. During some fights, Russians managed to get very close to the coal mines.

Here Ukrainians had to resort to even tougher measures and ambushed Russian tanks with their own tanks.

They hid in the tree lines in multiple places around the kill zone and just fired at them from around a 3 kilometer distance.

Sometimes they even used HIMARS and M777 howitzers to make sure that Russian tanks were hit and disabled immediately.

A Ukrainian commander of a tank unit, Hrebenok, said that during the culmination of the Battle of Vuhledar, he was doing up to 4 such missions per day on his T-62.

He said that in the last major engagement, he received an order right before dawn to prepare an ambush for a column of 16 Russian tanks and armored vehicles.

This time they did something different again. He said that they assumed positions around 5 kilometers away from the kill zone to be out of range of return fire and shot in coordination with a drone pilot who called in coordinates on a radio for targets they could not see directly.

As a result, by the end of this tank battle, the Ukrainian military announced that almost the entire Russian 155th Naval Infantry Brigade was destroyed, and Russia had lost 130 units of equipment, including 36 tanks.

The freshest reports tell that Russians lost so much armor during these assaults that they were forced to change their tactic recently, and right now, they are only capable of attacking with infantry.

==
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPpYQuLW8T0
Denys says:
••Bakhmut: Russia now has most of the eastern half of the city, and made some advance in the northern pincer to the west. No sign of UA counterattack yet.

==
Earlier the PMC group were assured they would get more artillery shells, therefore the PMC went ahead and rapidly used up most of their shells. But no new ammo arrived, and thus PMC whines they are out of ammo.

==
Experienced PMC troops used in Syria and Africa are now being wasted. Even Russian mil bloggers are swaying this is a waste of the most capable troops in Russian forces. But PMC cannot change the outcome of the war because they only have, at most, 20,000 troops and lack resources.

==
Denys says the name of the soldier executed by the Orcs is Matslevsky Oleksandr Ihorevich. Shows image of the fellow a month prior with a bandage over his right eye; in the image when he was shot, you can see something in the same place; his mother identified him as well after watching the execution video. [Can’t even imagine what the poor woman felt seeing that horror.]

The UA identifies the fellow shot as Tymofiy Mykolayovych Shadura, but he looks nothing like the guy shot. Shadura has a squarish head, while Ihorevich has a long narrowish head just like the martyr. DNA test will confirm the actual identity. He will be hero for Ukrainians for centuries. His story rises above the Snake Island and Moskva Storie because he was a human being, not a thing of place.

==
Ex Soviet State of Georgia: protests over state law limiting media - because that is just what happened in the USSR.

==
Swiss Parliament voted against sale of arms to Germany.

[PIF]

brazen
Unrestrained by a sense of shame; rudely bold. synonym: shameless.
Having a loud, usually harsh, resonant sound.
Made of brass.

Completely acceptable in the sentence used.

[wildcard_redneck]

I love the smell of desperation in the morning. It smells like victory!

[JonPreston]

Wagner prisoners chasing NATO out of Bahkmut

Wagner is now in control of about 50% of Bahkmut as shown in this map of the city. pic.twitter.com/RGteWw6ENT— GraphicW (@GraphicW5) March 7, 2023

[MeganC]

My prayers for your safe and uneventful journey home!

[C210N]

Hat-tip to your Speedy reverse-psychology mission to get folks to see the Deep State Cabal in Ukraine being routed, by your insightful daily over-strident posts to the contrary. Their leap over incredulity is shifting the minds of many that heretofore were getting used to the billion$ in fiat being printed to go over to Zelensky, the mountains of weaponry being sent now depleting US arsenals which will take years of course to replenish.

Thank you very much for your Service!

[FtrPilot]

Ukraine is specifically asking for Mk 20 Rockeye II cluster bombs.

Here's a picture of the MK-20 Rockeye canister.

Ukraine’s reported plan for the weapons would not involve dropping them from combat aircraft. Instead, they would take the Mk 20s apart and their submunitions would be adapted into bomblets that will be dropped by lower-end drones.

Here's a schematic of the Mk 118 Antitank Bomblet.

Mk 118s are shaped charge and would be very effective against all military hardware/vehicles, including armored vehicles.

FYI: During Desert Storm US Marines used the weapon extensively, dropping 15,828 of the 27,987 total Rockeyes against armor, artillery, and antipersonnel targets. The remainder were dropped by Air Force (5,345) and Navy (6,814) aircraft.

For the math challenged, that would be a total of 6,912,789 of the Mk 118 bomblets dropped during Desert Storm.

[hardspunned]

Great! The official Military Industrial Complex disinfo for the day. Below is listed more believable numbers. When reporting on Biden, Russia, Russia, Russia, Soros, US elections, Nordstream, Christians, Trump, Climate Scam, Woke World Hegemony, CIA, FBI, Uke Impeachment of Trump, Vindman, etc.,etc.,etc. (you know everything but the gospel delivered by vinyl pants), Tass does better than your sources.

MOSCOW, March 8. /TASS/. Russian air defense systems shot down 4 HIMARS MLRS and 5 drones of the Ukrainian Armed Forces over the past day, the official representative of the Russian Defense Ministry, Lieutenant General Igor Konashenkov, said on Wednesday.

“Over the past day, air defense systems shot down four HIMARS multiple rocket launchers and destroyed five Ukrainian unmanned aerial vehicles in the areas of the settlements of Novaya Kakhovka, Nikolaevka in the Kherson region, Chervonoarmeyskoye in the Zaporozhye region, Nikolskoye in the Donetsk People’s Republic and Shipilovka in the Lugansk People’s Republic,” he said.

According to Konashenkov, since the beginning of the special military operation, 398 aircraft, 217 helicopters, 3,361 unmanned aerial vehicles, 410 anti-aircraft missile systems, 8,222 tanks and other armored combat vehicles, 1,055 multiple launch rocket systems combat vehicles, 4,300 cannons, field artillery and mortars, and 8,798 special military vehicles have been destroyed.

The Russian forces also hit the Ukrainian radar station (RLS) and the headquarters of the 59th motorized infantry brigade of the Ukrainian Armed Forces in the Donetsk People’s Republic, Konashenkov added.

The actions of ten sabotage and reconnaissance groups of the Armed Forces of Ukraine were stopped in the direction of Kupyansk, about 60 Ukrainian servicemen, 2 armored vehicles, 3 cars and an Akatsiya self-propelled howitzer were also destroyed in one day, the representative of the Ministry added.

The Armed Forces of Ukraine have lost up to 130 servicemen and nine pieces of equipment in the Krasnolymansk direction over the past 24 hours. Subdivisions of the Russian Southern Group of Forces destroyed over 180 servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine over the day during active operations in the Donetsk direction. Meanwhile, the Vostok grouping of the Russian Armed Forces in the Yuzhno-Donetsk and Zaporozhye directions destroyed over 65 Ukrainian military personnel, as well as a Msta-B howitzer over the past day.

[ansel12]

Read the thread title.

“Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine”

[BeauBo]

“Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine”

The equipment losses are substantial. As they continue, Russia relies increasingly on Infantry, with predictable results:

“Already, Russian casualty rates as reported by Ukraine’s General Staff over 2023 have been consistently the highest of the full-scale war.

Ukraine’s count of estimated Russian personnel losses passed 100,000 on Dec. 22, last year, 301 days after Moscow launched its full-scale invasion on Feb. 24.

That same figure reached 150,000 on March 2, only 71 days later.” (https://kyivindependent.com/national/season-of-offensives-what-to-expect-from-the-spring-campaign-in-ukraine)

[Kazan]

Hey, Speedy...All the Deep State bullsh$t about some rogue pro-Ukrainians renting a yacht (and then returning to the place it was rented with their phony passports still in it!) and committing one of the greatest terrorist acts in world history is very possibly a lie being constructed to pull US support for Ukraine:

Gonzalo Lira @GonzaloLira1968 - 5:21 UTC · Mar 8, 2023

Zelensky’s regime can deny its involvement in the Nord Stream pipeline terrorist attack all it wants—but it won’t matter.

Clearly, a very strong faction of the Deep State wants to blame UA so the West can pull out of the Ukraine disaster.

[blitz128]

We seem to be butting heads here lately
So this is war, correct?
If Ukraine did this and still big if in my book, the difference between this and attacking any other strategic target helping your enemy.

I believe brazen a word I have not heard(full disclosure it may have and I did not see) used against Russian missile strikes against civilian targets and infrastructure.

That was my point

[Vlad0]

DW.comUkraine updates: Bakhmut may fall within days — NATO chief

Ukrainian soldiers on the BTR military vehicles on the road in near the Bakhmut frontline in Chasiv Yar, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine on March 07, 2023.

7 hours ago

NATO head Jens Stoltenberg said Russia could capture Bakhmut "in the coming days." Meanwhile, Germany said it inspected a ship suspected of carrying Nord Stream pipelines explosives. DW has rounded up the latest.

The eastern Ukrainian city of Bakhmut could fall "in the coming days," NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said on Wednesday. His comments came after Russia's private Wagner mercenary group claimed to control the eastern part of the city.

While Stoltenberg predicted the capture of Bakhmut would not be "a turning point in the war," he stressed that Russia must not be underestimated.

"What we see is that Russia is throwing more troops, more forces and what Russia lacks in quality they try to make up in quantity," Stoltenberg said.

He added that Western support in the form of ramping up production of ammunition was necessary, saying that the rate of consumption made the current production rate unsustainable.

"This is now a war of attrition, which is a battle of logistics," the French AFP news agency quoted him as saying.

In the early hours of Wednesday, Wagner founder Yevgeny Prigozhin said in a Telegram voice recording: "Everything east of the Bakhmutka River is completely under the control of Wagner."

The report could not be independently verified. Meanwhile, Ukraine denied Russian "success" on the ground.

Serhiy Cherevaty, the spokesman of the Eastern Group of Forces of the Ukrainian Armed Forces added in an official statement that the Bakhmut was expected to remain the epicenter of hostilities.

Earlier this week, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy refuted reports of plans to withdraw. After months of fighting in and around Bakhmut, Russian forces are set on capturing the city, which would be their first significant battlefield victory in some six months.

Western strategists and officials suggest a Russian occupation of the city would be of more symbolic than strategic value.

Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu, however, said on Tuesday that control of Bakhmut would allow Moscow's forces to mount further attacks deeper inside Ukraine.

DW.com is the German State media, which thoughtfully also publishes their site in English.

[BeauBo]

What I have been calling the “Counter Attack Corps” that is being organized, equipped and trained for the Ukrainian Spring Offensive, is apparently officially called the “Offensive Guard” by the Ukrainians. Looks like roughly two American Divisions.

“Kyiv is making no attempt to hide its preparations. As it gradually receives more Western tanks and IFVs over the spring, Ukraine is forming a new force auspiciously named the Offensive Guard, consisting of six specialized assault brigades coordinated by the National Guard.”

<https://tsn.ua/en/ato/russian-air-forces-have-used-new-dangerous-weapon-what-is-known-about-upab-1500v-bombs-2278651.html)

“The “Offensive Guard” will consist of several assault brigades of the National Guard, the National Police and the State Border Guard Service. Stormtroopers will be able to participate in the liberation of Luhansk and Donetsk regions, as well as Crimea from the russian invaders.

Which brigades can volunteers join?

Brigades of the National Guard:
• “Bureviy”;
• “Chervona Kalyna”;
• “Rubizh”;
• “Spartan”;
• “Azov”.

National Police Brigade:
• “Lyutʹ”.

Brigade of the State Border Service:
• “Steel border”.”