Christianity and mental illness

Stingray: a blog for salty Christians ^ | February 15, 2006 | Michael McCullough

[DallasMike]

Some questions about the Christian life have easy answers. Others do not. In a nice article from January 17th, 2006, D.C. Toedt at The Questioning Christian addresses the thorny and complex issue of Christianity and mental illness. It is my opinion that the Christian community in general has historically not done a very good job at of understanding and ministering to those with mental illness. Christians have no problems helping those suffering from heart disease and cancer, but often blame mental illness on the patient. How many Christians have been told "If you just prayed more and developed a better attitude" you wouldn't be so depressed?

Let me use a horrifying example that I know about first-hand. I grew up with a family that had 4 children. All of the children were well-behaved, perfectly normal in every way, and attended church with their parents every Sunday. One of them, when she reached her early 20s, suddenly developed schizophrenia. She thought that light bulbs talked to her. She imagined that STOP signs were spying on her. She heard voices and saw things that weren't there. Despite much counseling and her parents showering her with love, she ran away from home and it wasn't until 3 years later that they found her living under a bridge in some place like Cleveland or Cincinnati. The last time that I saw the family, she was taking medication, had married, was holding down a job, was active in church again, and was living a fairly normal life.

Let's take a brief look at the ways Christians have viewed the causes of mental illness, using the schizophrenia that I had seen as an example:

• A spiritual weakness — this is the view taken by websites like Spiritual Schizophrenia and by several who have argued with me at Free Republic. The idea is that people who have schizophrenia aren't letting the Holy Spirit in their lives. That argument sounds nice but the logical conclusion is that everyone who is not a Christian should have schizophrenia since only Christians have the Holy Spirit operating in their lives. Some say that reading the Bible more and praying can cure schizophrenia.
• Demons — this is the view taken by sites such as Demonbusters. The site claims that "schizophrenia always begins with rejection" and that "double-mindedness wears the person out and frustrates and confuses him. First of all, the idea of schizophrenia as "double-mindedness" has long been abandoned by medical science. Schizophrenia is not a split personality! However, I do believe that demons are real, are active in this world, and oftentimes cause or aggravate many diseases, including schizophrenia. I wouldn't have said this 20 years ago but I've learned a lot since then.
• An illness just like any other disease — this view accepts modern medicine's idea that we don't really know the cause of schizophrenia, but that it is often passed down from generation to generation and is somehow related to a disorder of brain chemicals. No one would tell an Alzheimer's patient to "get a grip on life" but many will say just that to someone who has a disease like schizophrenia. Christians adopting this view treat the patient just like they would someone suffering from cancer or any other disease. Prayer and scripture study is beneficial to the spirit and the soul but it's possible that the only cure or relief can be found through medication.

My View
The Gospels show that Jesus sometimes cast out demons to heal diseases while at other times he healed the diseases themselves. He could differentiate between the causes behind the suffering whereas we often cannot. In one sense, mental illness like schizophrenia is the result of sin because our entire bodies have been ravaged as the result of generations and generations of sin. I believe that there are times when personal sin can open the door to mental illness, especially in those who already have some susceptibility. For example, we know that marijuana and cannabis consumption before the age of 21 dramatically increases the risk of schizophrenia.

"The causes of mental illness may not be the same for all people"

It's not all sin though. A recent study indicates that there is a high genetic component to schizophrenia and identified at least 3 genes that may play a role. Another interesting study shows that children borne to mothers who sufferred from the flu or other infections during pregnancy are at a much higher risk for developing the illness. The disease is not the mother's fault and it's certainly not the child's fault. 

And, yes, demons can be at fault, too. Sometimes our behavior opens up the door to demon oppression while, at other times, demons have used some other event in the sufferer's life to gain a foothold. Evangelicals have for some reason been reluctant to blame demons for anything other than temptations on the theory that Christians are somehow immune to demon oppression. No Christian can be fully possessed by a demon because we are possessed by God, but almost every believer has areas in their lives that they have not turned over to God.

Sometimes we just don't know what caused the mental illness. At some level, it really doesn't matter so much what caused the illness, but what we do to treat it.

Our role as Christians
First and foremost, our role is to love the sufferer. My wife and I ministered to someone about a year ago by taking them to a free mental health clinic and she was appalled by a man sitting across from ranting to the world. He was obviously suffering from severe schizophrenia and was not able to function in society, even with medication. My wife was instantly moved to compassion because that's the kind of person that she is.

Second, we should take action:

Is anyone among you suffering? Let him pray. Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise. Is anyone among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up. And if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven. Therefore, confess your sins to one another and pray for one another, that you may be healed. The prayer of a righteous person has great power as it is working. (James 5:13-16 

Pray often, both with and for the person. A person with mental illness is hurting more than you might think. People hurt so much with clinical depression that they sometimes even kill themselves. An action like that goes completely against our basic instinct to live and shows just how bad illness can be. Have the strongest prayer warriors you know come to the person's house and soak them in loving prayer. Listen to the discernment of the Holy Spirit.

I believe that every church should have at least one person who is adept at confronting and casting out demons. Too many associate demon oppression with scenes from The Exorcists or from church services they've been to that emphasize drama and minimize the real work of God. Casting out demons should not be a major drama because Jesus gave all Christians authority over the enemy and his works. We need to use, not abuse, that authority.

Finally, direct the sufferer to good medical attention. Seeking out a doctor does not mean that you don't trust God — God often uses doctors to heal people. A mentally ill person often needs both medication and counseling. There are a lot of good Christian counselors out there who understand people with mental illness. They can give the sufferers good coping techniques and ease their minds. I have had friiends who have gone through periods of major depression and have found that God very frequently gives them a cure, but just doesn't cure them when they want it. God doesn't wany anyone to have schizophrenia, depression, or any other mental illness but sometimes he uses bad things to give us good things. Our job is to do for these people exactly what Jesus would do if they were to meet him.

[DallasMike]

Stingray:  Conservative Christian News and Commentary

[My2Cents]

I hope this post generates some thoughtful discussion. Personally, among the Christians I know, the vast majority has bought into the medical model of mental "illness." Yet, over the years, I've read some pretty authoritative books by non-Christians who claim that most conditions defined as "mental illness" are really conditions that are caused not by some physical pathology, but by "problems of living" -- the way people behave, their responses to situations, what they focus their thoughts on, and so forth. If true, many "mental illnesses" do have a spiritual cure.

[Zeroisanumber]

For example, we know that marijuana and cannabis consumption before the age of 21 dramatically increases the risk of schizophrenia.

I've always wondered if that was a causative factor, or merely a correlating one. Does smoking marijuana cause mental illness or is it that people who have a physiology that makes them susceptible to developing schizophrenia also makes them more likely to use drugs?

[GSlob]

"If true, many "mental illnesses" do have a spiritual cure."
Yep. Since the Middle Ages it has been known that it is nothing but demoniacal possession - and a good old fashioned exorcism could really work wonders. For example, in "Malleus Maleficarum" there is a case of some monk who quarreled with his abbot [a saintly man of holy life] and was immediately delivered over to the devil who made him coprophagous - and only his sincere repentance, long penitence and a great deal of prayer from the said abbot finally succeeded in delivering him.

[My2Cents]

Some mental "illness" is caused by demonic activity. I'd venture a guess that the vast majority of conditions are not. And, again, it's likely that the vast majority of mental "illness" isn't an illness at all. I wouldn't discount or ignore any cause -- spiritual, psychological, or medical. Through the thorough secularization of our culture, the spiritual dimensions are rarely considered. And, because of the thorough secularization of our culture, we tend to over-medicate mental "illness."

[My2Cents]

There's likely a greater correlation between schizophrenia and emotional trauma -- the latter causing the former.

[Ligeia]

There are clinical psychologists who have successfully melded biblical principles with sound phychological practice. Two who come to mind are Dr. Henry Cloud and Dr. John Townsend. You may be familiar with the BOUNDARIES series of books. I highly recommend any of their works to anyone in need of emotional support with scriptural underpinning. I'm a facilitator in their small group workshops and have witnessed many lives blessed and changed.

[GSlob]

When nothing else was working, spiritual purgation by a holy water enema (with soap) on occasion produced astonishing results. All the uncleanness was flushed out in a cinch.

[VeritatisSplendor]

Depression: a Stubborn Darkness by Edward T. Welch is a helpful book.
Mrs VS

[DallasMike]

I've always wondered if that was a causative factor, or merely a correlating one.

I wonder that as well. Perhaps such people are self-medicating with something that provides relief. One way to help determine this -- though it wouldn't determine it absolutely -- would be to study whether drug use in general correlates with schizophrenia. If all drug use correlates with scizophrenia, then cannabis use may be a symptom of the disease rather than a cause.

[DallasMike]

There's likely a greater correlation between schizophrenia and emotional trauma -- the latter causing the former.

Having seen the friend I grew up with in such a frightful condition, I have to agree.

[The Cuban]

You are only partly right. Some mental illnesses are caused by thoughst (i.e. spiritual outlook etc.). However, some clearly have biological roots, such as from malformed brains, trauma, or chemical imbalances.