Rummel's estimates from "Death By Government."
| Ruler | Country | Years | Total killed |
| Joseph Stalin | Soviet Union | 1929-1953 | 42,672,000 |
| Mao Tse-tung | China | 1923-1976 | 37,828,000 |
| Adolf Hitler | Germany | 1933-1945 | 20,946,000 |
| Chiang Kai-shek | China | 1921-1948 | 10,214,000 |
| Vladimir Lenin | Soviet Union | 1917-1924 | 4,017,000 |
| Tojo Hideki | Japan | 1941-1945 | 3,990,000 |
| Pol Pot | Cambodia | 1968-1987 | 2,397,000 |
| Yahya Khan | Pakistan | 1971 | 1,500,000 |
| Josip Tito | Yugoslavia | 1941-1987 | 1,172,000 |