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TPMS (tire pressure monitoring system) became mandatory for all new passenger cars and light trucks in the United States for the 2008 model year, with full compliance required for vehicles manufactured after September 1, 2007
TPMS sensors broadcast on Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) radio waves, typically operating at 315 MHz in North America and 433 MHz in Europe and other regions. These low-power signals (approximately 250μW) transmit data including a unique sensor ID, tire pressure, and temperature from the wheel to the vehicle’s receiver antenna, which may be located on the windshield, in the wheel well, or integrated with the keyless entry system.
The system uses an internal MEMS accelerometer to wake the sensor when the vehicle reaches a threshold speed (typically 15–20 mph), causing it to broadcast data every 30–120 seconds while driving to conserve battery. If a rapid pressure drop is detected, the sensor immediately transmits an emergency signal. During service or relearn procedures, technicians use a 125 kHz Low Frequency (LF) signal to "ping" specific sensors, forcing them to transmit their ID for proper vehicle registration.