I don’t understand how the ME controls 30% of Urea.
I had to look this up.
The Persian Gulf region produces vast amounts of urea—accounting for roughly 36% of global exports—due to its immense, cheap reserves of natural gas, which is the foundational feedstock for nitrogen fertilizer.
Countries like Qatar, Iran, and Saudi Arabia leverage this abundance to produce ammonia, then convert it into urea (46% nitrogen), making it a massive industrial hub for global agriculture.
Industrial Formation of Urea
Urea is also produced industrially at scale, mainly for fertilizers by reacting synthetic ammonia with carbon dioxide at high pressures and temperatures.
Process: Ammonia and carbon dioxide are converted into ammonium carbamate, which is then dehydrated to produce urea.