I’ve read a lot about IF, and it seems that there are many variations on it.
Some fast for days, or a day. When being interviewed on Newsmax, Dr. Oz said to “skip breakfast”, e.g., eat nothing between 8 p.m. and 10 a.m. He referred to that as “intermittent fasting”. I can do that easily.
I suppose each person experiments until he finds the method that works best for him.
Harmful Effects of Skipping Breakfast
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Intermittent fasting may be beneficial, but studies indicate it’s best not to do it by skipping or delaying breakfast. Though breakfast skipping is often recommended by intermittent-fasting proponents in the U.S., I’ve heard that in other countries it’s emphasized not to skip breakfast because of the great importance of breakfast. If they want to fast, they do it at other times of day. Here are some studies:
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One study found that skipping breakfast quadrupled dementia risk
2011 - Relationship between lifestyle habits and dementia among community dwelling older adult: Findings from a 6-year follow up
... irrespective of sex and age, participants who did not have breakfast were four times more at the risk of developing dementia...
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hwelfare/18/1/18_KJ00007407016/_pdf/-char/en
and
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/de-stress/skipping-breakfast-increases-dementia-risk-by-four-times-study/articleshow/90156048.cms
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2024/2025 - Clinical association of habitual breakfast skipping with cognitive decline and neurodegeneration among older adults
Those who habitually skipped breakfast had lower MMSE scores than breakfast eaters...
breakfast skippers who underwent MRIs also showed more significant brain atrophy (shrinking) compared to those who ate breakfast.
Breakfast skipping was linked to an increased risk of long-term cognitive decline and neurodegeneration among older adults.
[This] cognitive decline may be attributed to a deficiency in neurorestoration resulting from inadequate energy consumption.
... breakfast skipping increased levels of numerous biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/skipping-breakfast-could-raise-dementia-210242033.html
and
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2324242624000809
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2024 - Associations between breakfast skipping and outcomes in neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive performance, and frailty
studies have identified a correlation between breakfast skipping and a heightened risk of mental health issues.
skipping breakfast is associated with an increased risk of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), MDD (Major Depressive Disorder), decreased cognitive performance, and greater frailty
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12888-024-05723-1
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2022 - Breakfast Skipping and Declines in Cognitive Score Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
In this study of 712 older adults (mean age, 70.8 years) who skipped breakfast just one or more times per week, “incidence rate for declines in cognitive score was significantly higher in breakfast skippers (n = 29) than breakfast eaters (n = 683)”
[Seems even skipping breakfast once a week can increase risk of cognitive decline??]
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/08919887221135551
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2019 - Association of Skipping Breakfast With Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality
In a nationally representative cohort with 17 to 23 years of follow-up, skipping breakfast was associated with a significantly increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease.
Our study supports the benefits of eating breakfast in promoting cardiovascular health.
https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.065
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2020 - Association of skipping breakfast and different domains of cognitive function among undergraduate medical students
those who took breakfast had higher BDS and MMSE scores indicating positive association between having breakfast and certain domains of cognitive function
Best to eat breakfast before 8:30 a.m.
Adverse effects from eating breakfast after 9:00 a.m.
Eat breakfast before this time every morning for optimal health...
An earlier breakfast promotes heart health, blood sugar control and weight management.
https://www.today.com/health/diet-fitness/best-time-to-eat-breakfast-rcna196020
Eating before 8:30 a.m. could reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes
https://www.endocrine.org/news-and-advocacy/news-room/featured-science-from-endo-2021/eating-before-830-am-could-reduce-risk-factors-for-type-2-diabetes
“having a later first meal (later than 9AM compared to earlier than 8AM) and last meal of the day (later than 9PM compared to earlier than 8PM) was associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular outcomes, especially among women.
“Our results suggest a potential benefit of adopting earlier eating timing patterns, and coupling a longer nighttime fasting period with an early last meal, rather than breakfast skipping, in CVD prevention.”
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-43444-3