Its been clear that lithium is dead technology walking. Innovative in its time but totally unacceptable for the intended purpose of vehicle energizing. Expensive, environmentally disastrous, dangerous and frustratingly inefficient. Goodbye lithium.
Lithium set the base tech knowledge for all other forms of ion battery. Lithium was chosen because it is the most reactive single valent ion. There are better ions to use once you have the basic ion tech down. Sodium is a direct 1+ electron replacement with thousands of times more abundance it’s key advantage. Calcium and magnesium up the game with both being 2+ electron ion with calcium & magnesium being virtually unlimited in supply it’s literally the rocks we stand on in limestone, and dolomite being magnesium calcium carbonate rocks. Aluminum is a 3+ ion this is the way, once you can use aluminum you have triple the energy density on a per atom basis. Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth’s crust it’s 8% of it by mass. Aluminum is also infinitely recyclable and 75% of all aluminum ever mined is still in use.
Aluminum is the future with aluminum graphene cells being the holy grail. DOD subverting ALgr cells for drones and other classified uses. These cells have 60C+ charge rates that’s one minute ffrom 0 to 100% and are solid state cells so they cannot burn any more than aluminum foil could. Which is used as an anode it’s just aluminum foil treated to remove the AlO3 layer. Graphene is Gucci expensive but a number of groups have got processes to make it in bulk for reasonable prices. University of Queensland has a process to make it from methane by the tonne they too as ae doing AlGr cells, 10000+ full cycles, 60C charge rates, semi solid state, cannot burn, and 100% recyclable like every other aluminum product. Once Al-ion and ALgr cells take over lithium is dead. Thanks for making the modern world possible lithium but your job is done soon.