For example, if you define a "bear attack" as a human-bear conflict where a human is injured or killed, you eliminate all incidents where a bear attacked a human, but was stopped before the human was injured or killed.
This results in statistics which "show" human defenses against bears are far less effective than they actually are.
I see it in diet studies all the time. They will say a keto diet is no good, but define “Keto” as 45% carbs, and then say it doesn’t work. But “Keto” comes from ketosis, which implies a very low carb diet, maybe 10-15% carbs.
Or they will say “Red meat” is bad for you, but then define red meat as a burger, fries and Coke at McDonalds. Or “processed meat” as a pepperoni pizza and a coke. They can then conclude we all ought to eat plants only.
“Carrot Juice is Murder”:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmK0bZl4ILM