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Transcript
· Intro
0:03 · the injuries suffered by this man
0:06 · crushed both the side and the front of
0:10 · the head inwards causing a number of
0:13 · fractures that radiated through how the
0:15 · skull it also the blow on the side of
0:18 · the head actually pushed the maxilla
0:21 · that the lower part of the face sideways
0:24 · I mean doing so it broke his neck so I
0:27 · am sure the second blow killed him so
· Location
0:35 · not a rock today is a barren area of
0:39 · semi-desert and yet 10,000 years ago it
0:43 · was the edge of a lagoon full of animals
0:46 · which obviously also attracted
0:47 · hunter-gatherers so when we came to work
0:51 · in this part of of Kenya we were and we
0:54 · still are looking for much older fossils
0:56 · so I never expected to find the remains
1:00 · of a massacre or the earliest massacre
1:02 · recorded in history at the site of nifer
· Results
1:07 · oak we found a total of 27 individuals
1:11 · but most of these were fragmentary there
1:14 · were 12 skeletons that were still
1:16 · articulated in the ground some better
1:19 · preserved than others and of those 10
1:21 · had evidence of having died violently so
1:25 · among these four have injuries that are
1:29 · consistent with projectiles presumably
1:33 · bows and arrows another four skeletons
1:37 · have blows to the head and these would
1:39 · have been done with a blunt instrument a
1:41 · weapon like a club and then there are
1:44 · some individuals that show fractures to
1:47 · the knees to the hands to the ribs or
1:51 · consistent with a pattern of conflict
1:54 · wounds among the most unusual finds one
· Unusual finds
1:59 · was this young lady who was found
2:02 · sitting and she had her hands crossed in
2:06 · a very peculiar position and they may
2:09 · suggest that she was bound at the time
2:12 · of death
2:13 · and we found in her belly the remains of
2:17 · a fetus that was near-term we also have
2:22 · the remains of six very young children
2:25 · under the age of six and these were
2:28 · found next to the women my
· Conclusion
2:32 · interpretation is that this was a small
2:35 · community a foraging party and that they
2:38 · were surprised by an attack and they
2:42 · died
2:42 · some of them directly perhaps into the
2:45 · shallow waters and they were covered by
2:48 · water and cells and the bodies preserved
2:50 · these people were massacred and my guess
2:54 · is that there was nobody left around to
2:55 · bury them so they lay where they fell
3:16 · you

Transcript
	·	Intro
0:03	·	the injuries suffered by this man
0:06	·	crushed both the side and the front of
0:10	·	the head inwards causing a number of
0:13	·	fractures that radiated through how the
0:15	·	skull it also the blow on the side of
0:18	·	the head actually pushed the maxilla
0:21	·	that the lower part of the face sideways
0:24	·	I mean doing so it broke his neck so I
0:27	·	am sure the second blow killed him so
	·	Location
0:35	·	not a rock today is a barren area of
0:39	·	semi-desert and yet 10,000 years ago it
0:43	·	was the edge of a lagoon full of animals
0:46	·	which obviously also attracted
0:47	·	hunter-gatherers so when we came to work
0:51	·	in this part of of Kenya we were and we
0:54	·	still are looking for much older fossils
0:56	·	so I never expected to find the remains
1:00	·	of a massacre or the earliest massacre
1:02	·	recorded in history at the site of nifer
	·	Results
1:07	·	oak we found a total of 27 individuals
1:11	·	but most of these were fragmentary there
1:14	·	were 12 skeletons that were still
1:16	·	articulated in the ground some better
1:19	·	preserved than others and of those 10
1:21	·	had evidence of having died violently so
1:25	·	among these four have injuries that are
1:29	·	consistent with projectiles presumably
1:33	·	bows and arrows another four skeletons
1:37	·	have blows to the head and these would
1:39	·	have been done with a blunt instrument a
1:41	·	weapon like a club and then there are
1:44	·	some individuals that show fractures to
1:47	·	the knees to the hands to the ribs or
1:51	·	consistent with a pattern of conflict
1:54	·	wounds among the most unusual finds one
	·	Unusual finds
1:59	·	was this young lady who was found
2:02	·	sitting and she had her hands crossed in
2:06	·	a very peculiar position and they may
2:09	·	suggest that she was bound at the time
2:12	·	of death
2:13	·	and we found in her belly the remains of
2:17	·	a fetus that was near-term we also have
2:22	·	the remains of six very young children
2:25	·	under the age of six and these were
2:28	·	found next to the women my
	·	Conclusion
2:32	·	interpretation is that this was a small
2:35	·	community a foraging party and that they
2:38	·	were surprised by an attack and they
2:42	·	died
2:42	·	some of them directly perhaps into the
2:45	·	shallow waters and they were covered by
2:48	·	water and cells and the bodies preserved
2:50	·	these people were massacred and my guess
2:54	·	is that there was nobody left around to
2:55	·	bury them so they lay where they fell
3:16	·	you