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Transcript
Intro
0:01 · in the jungle of South America a bronze ax is found a cult object from the time
0:08 · before Columbus which should not be here at all is it possible that Warriors from
0:15 · the old world join it as far as quill up the most powerful Fortress in America
0:22 · relics of the of the legendary Cloud Warriors the Chacha Boya these mummies conceal a baffling mystery
0:31 · over the course of time I've come across such a large amount of evidence from a
0:38 · wide variety of areas which are points towards one Theory but in
0:43 · ancient times people from the old world reach Peru and joined forces
1:04 · [Music] the Phoenicians a seafaring people founded Carthage at the site of
Carthage
1:12 · unique strategic importance in the Mediterranean
1:17 · from here the trading Metropolis rules the center of the ancient world with its fortress-like
1:25 · location and secure natural Harbor nothing can stop the nation becoming the number one sea power
1:33 · precious resources and luxury goods arrive here from all over the world in a ceaseless flow laying
1:40 · the foundation for incredible wealth The Harbor at Carthage was the gateway to the known world at
1:48 · that time and sometimes even further afield warga lives with 170 oarsmen or more set sail from here
1:58 · the first of these galleys were trirems with three rows of oars but then came the
2:04 · even more powerful ships thus the carthaginian captains dared to sail far out into the Atlantic
The Lost Warriors
2:18 · they ventured up the western coast of Africa as far as present-day Cameroon
2:23 · from Morocco they were able to control the trade in gold they obtained Copper from tatessos and the Celtic city of coronia dominated sea routes to the north
2:34 · to the tin miles of Cornwall in Britain their best warriors came from the Balearic
2:41 · Islands [Music] for many years Hans giffon has studied the ancient history of the Spanish Islands
2:50 · he is particularly fascinated by the cultural Legacy of the Phoenicians the German Professor
2:57 · takes a keen interest in the ancient legends valuable sources of lost knowledge [Music]
3:07 · finds it impossible to believe that such a capable people as the carthaginians simply vanished when
3:14 · their trading Empire collapsed surely the survivors would have started a new life somewhere else he is convinced of this he begins his search for Clues here on the Balearic Islands
3:28 · Phoenicians and carthaginians often journey to Majorca establishing trading settlements as they did in the Mediterranean and further afield
3:36 · many thousands of Iberian soldiers fought in the carthaginian Army which included men from
3:42 · various Nations the stone slingers from the Balearic Islands were considered particularly
3:48 · effective forming a much feared Elite hard to imagine that these wild Warriors and
3:54 · their proud generals from Carthage would have let themselves be enslaved [Music]
4:05 · but what alternatives were open to them
4:12 · did they flee across the ocean to Peru
4:18 · are the dead at kuilap the descendants of these Celts and carthaginians as Professor gifon suggests
Carthage and the Phoenicians
4:29 · Carthage the most important port of its day the nautical skills of the Phoenicians are a key element in gifon's hypothesis the cargo
4:40 · port at Carthage was open to All Ships but only carthaginian warships were allowed through the
4:46 · Baruch gate behind this gate secret boathouses have been constructed each six meters wide and
4:53 · 30 meters long space for 350 warships with a crew of one hundred thousand men
5:02 · on lands too the superpower spread fear and Terror its War relevance were a feared weapon
5:11 · so much power also provoked bitter resistance the up-and-coming Rome soon became a dangerous rival
5:26 · after three bloody wars the Roman Empire was able to defeat Carthage hundreds of
5:32 · thousands died in the burning City countless more enslaved but many must have been able to flee
5:44 · Professor giffon believes that many of the elite Warriors managed to escape their Trail takes us to Northern Spain
Northern Spain
5:55 · for two thousand years the Tower of Hercules at coronia has been shining across the ocean
6:01 · it was built by the Romans based on the great Pharos of Alexandria one of
6:06 · the seven wonders of the world ever since then the light has Shone over the Atlantic
6:14 · far out over the water into the dreaded Bay of Biscay on the sea route to America just as was the case two thousand years ago [Music]
6:25 · when The Harbor at Corona was an important staging post for ships heading to Northern Shores
6:39 · here seafarers from Carthage and throughout the Mediterranean came into contact with
6:44 · Celtic iberians who had been sailing the northern ocean for thousands of years
6:51 · business is conducted
6:57 · The Riches of the country traded for precious goods from overseas practice that continues today among the descendants of the kennels and the
7:05 · carthaginians trade brings the world together information is passed on all the latest news
7:17 · [Music] about goods and Technologies not yet known here but earlier also
7:29 · about unexplored coastlines Beyond the Horizon
7:36 · about Voyages of Discovery made by the Sea captains of Carthage which
7:41 · took them right across the Atlantic perhaps they even got as far as Brazil
7:50 · even if it were theoretically possible for the carthaginians to have reached Brazil this
7:55 · doesn't indicate by any means that they really got there more evidence would be required and such evidence is found in the writings of ancient historians such as diadoris
8:07 · the Greek historian diadorus reports in his history of the world that the carthaginians have
8:14 · discovered Paradise far beyond all known inhabited countries a land with wild animals rivers that
8:22 · could be navigated by ship and high mountains but they kept this discovery a secret perhaps
8:28 · this is where they set sail from carthaginian refugees and their Celtic allies from Spain
8:40 · it seems to me that without the nautical skills of the carthaginians it would hardly have been possible for the Celtic iberians and the stone slingers of New Yorker to cross the Atlantic
8:52 · carthaginian sea captains perfected the nautical Legacy of their Phoenician forefathers
8:58 · they could ascertain their latitude by the length of the shadow cast by the midday Sun
9:06 · at night they would navigate by the Polar Star in the constellation of the little bear the star known as The Phoenician star in ancient times [Music]
· Crossing the Atlantic
9:19 · as has always been the case ships are driven by the winds and ocean currents
9:24 · across the Atlantic from West Africa to the northeastern coast of Brazil
9:34 · has also crossed the Atlantic entirely by herself this woman from Heidelberg
9:42 · covered the 6500 kilometers from Southern Portugal to the Caribbean island of Barbados
9:49 · using her own muscle power it took her 90 days and she used a high-tech rowing boat
Critical Situations
10:03 · of course it wasn't like a lake in the park there were some critical situations waves up to eight
10:09 · or nine meters high collisions or near-misses with fishing trawlers and getting caught in their Nets
10:17 · foreign
10:22 · but you're permanently soaking wet once you're in the boat you can't turn back
10:38 · and row against the current Against the Wind so in other words you just have to
10:43 · make it even in ancient times large boats rode by strong men must somehow
10:49 · have been able to do it once they were on the water they would have had to get there
10:55 · after three weeks on the high seas the carthaginian ships could have reached the tropical coastline they would not have imagined that they had discovered a completely new world
11:07 · the island of itamaraka lies off the coast of Brazil an ideal Landing site for carthaginians
11:15 · since the islands which are close to the coast could be used as a base that is easy to defend
11:21 · Fort Orange here dates back to the 17th century
11:27 · underneath the Dutch Fortress there are remains of an ancient Indian settlement as indicated by ceramic fragments found here
11:35 · everywhere curious fragments of white clay are lying around in the sand
11:42 · is these are the remains of Dutch clay pots we found more than five thousand
11:49 · of them they certainly smoked a lot here at Fort Orange up to now the archaeologist has
11:56 · not found any traces of carthaginians and little remains of the original inhabitants
12:03 · in ancient times exhausted seafarers would have found conditions here extremely
12:09 · difficult after crossing the Atlantic the archaeologist is convinced of that [Music]
12:17 · the kind of dangers facing them are outlined in an account by a German mercenary in the 16th century
12:23 · hanstaden is taken prisoner by cannibals off the coast of Brazil he sees how these people slaughter
12:30 · their enemies cut them into pieces and then eat them however as well as portraying such gruesome
12:38 · practices he also describes the inhabitants here as very open to trade by barter that was
12:46 · exactly the strength of the carthaginians could this have been their chance of survival foreign
12:54 · there are no accounts of a transatlantic expedition to Brazil at any time before
13:03 · Columbus but not far from the coast at Rio paraiba there is an archaeological Summit which could be
13:11 · extremely significant the legendary Pedra though Inga the rock is part of a huge natural Monument
13:20 · countless figures and glyphs have been engraved into the monolith ever since their Discovery they have bewildered experts
13:35 · here in paraiba a very long time ago the attack culture existed many Engravings
13:42 · in stone remain from this period such as here but we don't know how these people
13:48 · thought or how they behaved we simply are not able to understand the messages which people immortalized themselves it's a mystery
14:01 · however does it seem likely that the people who did this were not simple natives maybe it was a completely different culture two thousand years ago
petroglyphs
14:14 · at an early stage local archaeologists noticed that many of the petroglyphs of
14:19 · the rock of the Inga displayed similarities with writing from the old world in classical times I've studied this only similarities with individual letters were found not with
14:29 · complete words however similarities were mainly with letters from a Celtic Iberian alphabet
14:39 · four symbols engraved on the stone resemble letters from ancient European languages
14:45 · we know their phonetic value but so far it has not been possible to translate the
14:51 · Engravings on this Brazilian Rock Monument into a meaningful text
14:57 · merchants or settlers would hardly consider the parched Hinterland of the Rio paraiba a Garden of Eden and the river itself is not navigable for very far
15:09 · the tropical coastal region gives way to a desert of rock and dust
15:17 · a dead end for seafarers as any explorers would soon discover they're only alternative would be to return to the Atlantic coast
Amazon
15:30 · to the Northwest there is a river of Dimensions that almost beg a belief surrounded by dense jungle the Amazon
15:40 · tropical rainforests would hardly have been a new site for seafarers from Carthage
15:46 · they may well have seen similar vegetation in Africa but how the jungle have struck their Celtic allies fascinating menacing
16:00 · lurking in the green hell with the original inhabitants
16:07 · in the year 1492 the unwieldy ships Christopher Columbus had for his
16:12 · expedition took 36 days to cover the distance from the Canary Islands to the Bahamas this is
16:19 · twice as far as the shortest distance between West Africa and South America
16:24 · by taking the fastest route seafarers in ancient times could also have reached Brazil
16:33 · the natives immediately spot any Intruders who don't know the law of the Jungle and find
16:38 · it difficult to master the situation even with Superior weapon technology
16:44 · thus Spanish and Portuguese Invaders had sad stories to tell when they attempted
16:50 · to colonize the Amazon in the 16th century everything is hostile death lurks everywhere
17:00 · being exactly like this two thousand years ago too
17:06 · the first rule of survival for any stranger here is not to venture too far from the shelter of the ship
17:18 · and to bring with you plenty of colorful presents for the locals he conquistadors did
17:29 · [Music] for a tribal Chief perhaps a metal Ax from a carthaginian workshop in southern Spain would be appropriate
17:40 · it is close to the Amazon Delta that the Portuguese established their first base
17:47 · from here they exploit the tropical wealth around them with a blessing and encouragement of their God as they announced to the wild heathens
Archeology
18:01 · in Berlin today archaeologists are hard at work studying Indian culture The godi Institute has
18:09 · gathered evidence about Amazonian tribes which were neither wild nor non-religious
18:17 · for thousands of years there was a developed civilization here
18:24 · even the Brazilian cult garment the Tanga was invented at that time as shown by this ceramic
18:31 · version Dr Maura da Silvera is the curator of the archaeological Treasures of the Amazon
18:39 · every day objects thousands of years old are stored in her vaults
18:48 · special cult objects were made from precious materials this valuable
18:53 · spearhead from rock crystal is a highlight of the collection
18:58 · terracotta Idols painted in Rich colors they are witness to the complex religious beliefs of the malachiwara
19:10 · follow the Amazonian culture at that time was highly developed the
19:20 · people lived on man-made islands that had been constructed in the marsh ES
19:33 · the very first people to excavate this area was staggered by the extraordinary
19:38 · fines dating back to the marital civilization the funeral lands painted in a variety of colors a reminiscent of classical forms found in the
19:49 · Mediterranean Greek vases with Celtic spiral patterns the Amazon basin has been settled for 11
Population Explosion
19:58 · 000 years but for a long time the population here was small but two thousand years ago there
20:06 · was a population explosion and this growth took place extremely quickly
20:15 · in 1541 according to an eyewitness a Spanish Expedition ventured up the
20:22 · amazon in search of the legendary country of gold the chronicler reports that they were
20:28 · suddenly attacked arrows rained down upon them from the densely populated Riverbank
20:35 · naked light-skinned women were fighting in the front line of the enemy forces it was
20:41 · reports about these Fearless Amazons that led to the river being given its present name although such accounts were considered untrustworthy by many
20:54 · their skepticism was unfounded as recent archaeological excavations show
20:59 · in the Amazon region there really were large settlements with thousands of inhabitants the
21:05 · population was supported by Lush fields of maize tended with special agricultural techniques
21:12 · the Amazon is home to the plant that will provide seeds which as cocoa will conquer
21:18 · the entire world that the Spanish kennels ate chocolatier 2000 years ago is pure speculation
21:28 · only now as an understanding about the flourishing Amazon civilization being rediscovered
21:33 · today experts have no doubt whatsoever two thousand years ago a cultural revolution took place there the formal style used by
21:43 · artists developed in Leaps and Bounds did the impulse come from the other side of the ocean
Ceramic Style
21:50 · this special ceramic style is really fascinating it was first developed funeral earns in such
22:01 · a range of colors only appeared in the upper Amazon region much later than this
22:06 · that's why I believe that the development began in marriage and influenced the other regions later
22:12 · it's often suggested that this new style might come from outside the region
22:27 · the fact that the archaeological finds recall Mediterranean objects raises a fascinating
22:33 · possibility could seafarers have brought new ideas from the old world two thousand years ago
Axe
22:42 · Heinz budvig is convinced that this was the case the German Brazilian amateur
22:48 · archaeologist has found more evidence an ancient ax as far as budwig is concerned
22:55 · this is 100 proof that foreign explorers landed in Brazil long before Columbus
23:03 · the river that forms the border between Brazil and Bolivia
23:12 · and he said he bought it direct from a Bolivian Indian the thing has to be genuine even the wooden handle was still quite down a chance find a metal ax encrusted with patina with a wooden handle
23:26 · but what does the figure on the blade of the ax represent
23:31 · the head of a bull or it could perhaps be an antelope but in
23:36 · any case it's an animal that didn't exist in South America
23:43 · does everything he can to shed light on the mysterious find from the jungle
23:49 · in The geoscience Institute of the University of Sao Paulo scientists examine the acts with the latest laboratory technology the result comes as a surprise
The Journey
24:00 · [Music] is 61 copper and 39 zinc and metal alloys
24:10 · like this didn't exist in America before the arrival of Europeans with the gelato
24:16 · another important point is that the wooden handle comes from the
24:21 · forest in the panzania a marshy region around the Rio Paraguay and this wood has been dated by scientific methods it's about 1 500 years old
24:38 · two thousand years ago there was an extensive trading network based on the rivers of the Amazon
24:43 · basin could this have been how the cult acts got to the interior of the continent
24:51 · did cows and carthaginians simply follow the Watercourse from the coast heading further and further Upstream
24:59 · it has been reported that Indians escaping from slave Traders fled as far as the chachapoya
25:07 · this means they covered the huge distance of almost 4 000 kilometers from the Atlantic coast of
25:14 · Brazil to Peru so evidently the journey would not have been impossible for determined individuals
25:26 · but could immigrants from the old world also have done this made their way through the
25:32 · biggest jungle in the world threatened by wild animals and unknown diseases
25:40 · in the end the refugees would have found a gigantic mountain range blocking their path
25:46 · the Andes does the trail of the Celts and the carthaginians lead here to cool up the
25:55 · most gigantic of the chachapoya structures the biggest Fortress ever built in South America
26:02 · the computer reconstruction reveals that in terms of the massive Stone used kuilap is even bigger than the kiops Pyramid in Egypt
26:12 · the chachapoya were fantastic Masons they even buried the dead in their houses where did they
26:19 · obtain the knowledge that enabled them to build structures like this three thousand meters high
26:30 · ornamental decorations on the houses bear witness to an artistic Sensibility
26:35 · a sophisticated sewage system indicates high standards of hygiene and comfort
26:41 · they're really best known for their architecture but that is what we see now that's the best preserved thing that sits on the surface as we as visitors walk around
26:50 · and some of it's really quite spectacular some of it is Monumental it speaks power
26:57 · has been living in Peru for over 30 years he was even mayor of the provincial capital
27:04 · he is completely captivated by the people here the living and the dead
27:09 · all the c14 analyzes We performed so far suggest that it's not really very old it
27:18 · dates from around 800 A.D the exception is here at the main entrance 500 A.D
The Head
27:25 · the first time I encountered cool app I was particularly puzzled because no other Fortress in the whole of America displays similar construction techniques but I knew
27:35 · fortresses like this were quite common in the Mediterranean region during classical times
27:41 · one detail of the main temple in kualab appears to support GIF horns Theory [Music]
27:47 · the head engraved in the wall is reminiscent of a gruesome cult on the other side of the
27:53 · Atlantic there the Celts would decapitate their prisoners and hang their heads on
27:58 · their houses a proud demonstration of power did the chachapoya also practice this ritual
28:09 · the Celtic custom of using human hence's trophies is connected with their belief
28:14 · that the soul resides in the skull that's why they treated the head as hugely important and
28:20 · this also explains why they were masters of trepidation but they weren't the only ones
28:27 · both the Celts and the chachapoya would make a hole in the skull of a sick person to relieve pressure on the brain and drive away evil spirits
28:38 · we know they use this technique because it's described in hypocratic accounts
28:46 · dating back to about 500 BC entrepidation was also practiced later by the cows which we know from archaeological finds in lower Austria
28:55 · so this represents a very interesting parallel between the cultures
29:01 · is the use of the same healing method evidence of contact between the two cultures
29:07 · pieces of a jigsaw puzzle which add up to imrefutable evidence as Professor
29:12 · GIF horn believes the decisive proof May well be hidden in koalab
29:20 · foreign [Music]
29:26 · were special in the sense that they did these kinds of very intricate stone work
29:33 · the building is supercharged with power whatever those symbols mean
29:38 · and they meant something and very powerful to the chachapoya who were the inhabitants
29:44 · of this place and which traditions did they follow in their lives knows the facts
29:51 · to make maximum use of the space available because 3 000 people lived here
30:12 · to this day the natives of the Andean Highlands tend their fields using methods and implements handed down from their forefathers
30:21 · agriculture in the days of the chachapoya would not have looked very different
30:28 · back then in the Highland region of Peru
30:37 · [Music] foreign Canyon is deeper and wider than the Grand Canyon in the United States this is a hard
30:48 · place to live and really it's been very hard for many archaeologists to accept that anybody would
30:54 · want to live there what are they doing here why do they want to live there and it sets up the mystery okay clearly they didn't choose to live there the massive Citadel of the chachupoya still
31:07 · conceals many puzzles but Professor Gifford believes he is close to finding Solutions
31:13 · fortresses like who are lap are not found anywhere in America but archaeologists
31:20 · have never considered as an explanation of its origin might be found outside America
31:26 · on the other side of the Atlantic the remains of a fortress City can be found on man-made Terraces
31:33 · Iberian Celts constructed the city over 2 000 years ago just before or after the
31:39 · destruction of Carthage and just as in quillap the houses were built on round Stone foundations
31:47 · here too the people who built the city chose an extraordinary location
31:54 · perfectly protected from the rest of Iron Age Europe by thick walls the similarities between
32:02 · the Celtic settlement on the Atlantic coast of Spain and the mountain Fortress in the
32:07 · Andes are staggering did the people who constructed these places know each other
32:19 · the mystery can only be explained in South America there is still no conclusive proof that Kelts and carthaginians were ever present in Peru
32:28 · even for the Incas the kingdom of the chachapoya was simply too remote
32:37 · apply any chroniclers from the Spanish Colonial period ventured this far either
32:45 · today the chachapoya settlements are ghost towns hidden steep Rock faces
32:52 · funeral figures bear witness to their strange ancestral cult
33:04 · s are exploring a burial site that was erected at a dizzying height the Warriors buried tear were
33:11 · Headhunters making them unique in the entire Indian Highlands people surrounded by mystery
33:23 · German archaeologist Klaus koshmider has also become fascinated by the chachupoya because
Archeological evidence
33:30 · we find quite frequent evidence of burials in the roundhouses however this might indicate An
33:41 · Origin in the Amazon basin region because it's still the custom there to bury people in houses
33:49 · the ritual sites are decorated with paintings and despite the tropical climate since they
33:56 · are protected by the Steep Rock faces they can still be made out quite clearly there
34:02 · are figures in Splendid costumes crowned with clumps of feathers or wreaths of light
34:11 · another excavation also reveals a being with a magnificent headdress [Music]
34:17 · in the Celtic mythology of ancient Europe the God cenunos was depicted
34:23 · with similar antlers as can be seen here on the silver cauldron of gundestrup in Denmark
34:31 · foreign
Storms
34:49 · moved here from the East although his East is only a few hundred kilometers away in the Amazon region
35:01 · Only The Dead know the truth every storm reveals more skeletons and destroys other traces of the
35:09 · chachapoya for days now it has again been raining without a break in the caudillieras
35:18 · the sources of the Amazon are transformed into raging torrents
35:24 · in lemon Bamba the people are not the only ones who have learned to come to terms with these Natural Forces everybody makes the best of the situation
35:34 · which is likely to be repeated many times during the rainy season
35:40 · probably the one of the biggest concerns was just the severe weather tremendous hail storms there
35:46 · great rainstorms unlike any rain storms I'd ever experienced anywhere in the world a place it just
35:54 · seems like the sky is absolutely falling and the ground under your feet turns into liquid it's from
36:01 · one rainstorm to the next valleys transform with landslides it's a very dynamic environment and
36:08 · it makes perfect sense that they lived on the top of the mountain just for that very reason [Music]
Rescue Expedition
36:16 · in April 1997 the ethnologist Peter is allowed by an appeal for help
36:23 · grave robbers were plundering a burial site dating to pre-columbian times and many of the
36:28 · mummies have been left in the rain unprotected now there is no time to lose organizes a rescue
36:36 · Expedition and they set off at the mountain from Lima Bamba the destination is the Laguna De Los
36:43 · condores the Lagoon of the Condors local farmers have discovered a previously unknown burial site
36:50 · at an altitude of 2 600 meters and the team headed by the German Peruvian leche hopes to preserve it
37:01 · the grave robbers have been busy and the place is a shocking sight many of the sarcophagy have
37:07 · been smashed the graves devastated there are fragments of chachapoya mummies scattered around
37:19 · The Rescuers decide to perform an emergency excavation in the end they managed to transport over 200 mummies to the provincial capital
37:31 · today the Dead from the Lagoon of the Condors are kept in Lima Bamba
37:37 · the bodies were originally sewn inside sacks in a crouching position
37:44 · after being excavated some of the mummies were examined at the University of Vienna
37:52 · these people died before the Spanish arrived however the surprising thing is that they show
37:59 · traces of diseases which had been assumed to arrive in South America with the Europeans
38:09 · in gertingen paleopathologist Professor Schultz performs research
38:15 · he attempts to obtain information from the Mortal remains of our ancestors about the
38:20 · sicknesses they suffered and the causes of their deaths and the extraordinarily
38:25 · large extent of tuberculosis among the chachapoya arouses his interest too
Tuberculosis
38:31 · here we have a lesion which is typical for tuberculosis the structure is
38:38 · ulcerated and eaten away and these typical changes in bone structure caused by tuberculosis were found in skeletons and mummies of the chatter which is of course
38:48 · extremely curious because we now have evidence that the disease was present in the chachapoya population to a significant degree even in the time before in Columbus
39:01 · at the same time evidence of tuberculosis alone does not prove there was transatlantic contact with the chachupoya before Columbus
39:10 · ancient traces of the disease have also been found in other areas of South America
39:18 · the cases of tuberculosis with so far been able to prove among the chachapoya really do correspond to
39:26 · cases that we know from The Classical period if these people were the descendants of people who
39:31 · came from the old world that would be a possible explanation and we could go further suggesting
39:38 · that maybe the disease found its way to the New World by this route at a relatively early stage
39:46 · foreign came from why did they build such a massive Fortress here anyway [Music]
The Dead
39:58 · suggests that koelap was a bulwark against Invaders from the lowland regions to provide
40:04 · protection against neighboring tribes who suffered from starvation during the regular droughts
40:10 · archaeologists have found more than 50 skeletons here with skulls that were smashed in
40:19 · were the victims attackers or Defenders the Fatal injuries could have been caused
40:25 · by axes or slingshots one thing is certain they died violent deaths
40:33 · that Frontier can be often a place of lots of jockeying for position for who gets to
40:42 · trade with who who gets the wealth who gets to occupy the site at the trailhead who gets this
40:52 · much take who gets to be the middleman and so I'm sure that there was a great
40:57 · deal of internal politicking shuffling squabbling and probably uh bloodshed
41:06 · the administrative center of the province of chachapoya today deals in precious metals and drugs but the proceeds are invested elsewhere
The Mummy
41:18 · the collection of mummies in the local archaeological Museum also seem slightly Dusty
41:25 · but anthropologists here are gathering important information about the fate of the chachapoya
41:32 · and about their Origins
41:39 · this mummy is one of a family it's a 25 year old woman with her six-year-old child and her husband
41:59 · [Music] three in the back of the head and one in the forehead appear to have been made during wartime
42:11 · again and again they find indications of unnatural causes of death traces of murder and violence
42:21 · had the reputation of being an extremely warlike people and they used slingshots as their main
42:29 · weapon both to defend themselves against attack and to attack their enemies they used slingshots
Slingshots
42:37 · which differed completely from those used by the other tribes in Peru [Music] once again the
42:45 · trail leads us back to the old world to Majorca here we find a world champion on his way to a
42:52 · training session a king among stone slingers he is the balearic's champion with a fine record
42:59 · of direct hits but his Rivals are working hard so Juan Caballero spends all his free time practicing
43:10 · Professor giffon has brought the champion a reconstructed original Chacha poya slingshot from Peru almost 10 000 kilometers away
43:23 · when this is compared with the traditional slingshot from Majorca the expert is startled to discover that the two are practically identical even
43:33 · the special way of fastening the loop around the projectile is exactly the same
43:39 · Juan remembers that his ancestors used to wrap the slingshots around their heads
Pottery
43:48 · the chachapoya also had the habit of proudly wearing their slingshots to Adorn their heads but this custom has died out now
44:00 · in the hoankas community in Peru some traditions have been maintained
44:08 · many of the inhabitants here still have typical chachapoya names as has been the
44:14 · case for centuries a Potter is one of those who are proud of her legendary ancestors
44:25 · Pottery is an ancient tradition from the time of the chachapoya
44:31 · it has outlasted the arrival of the Spaniards
44:36 · we do know that chachapoya were actually a very active Traders they're in the perfect position
44:42 · of middlemen everybody wants to be a mental man it's the most lucrative really position so they
44:47 · could they had maximum exposure to all of these things which really is one reason why they have
44:53 · so many different influences in their art and their architecture and their culture
44:59 · they really have the best of all Worlds at their fingertips like New York City in the sense that they were almost a port of trade geographically speaking very strategic
Chachapoya Women
45:10 · the women were also highly prized a painting from the Inca period shows captured chachapoya
45:17 · women with light skin and reddish blonde hair the king of the Incas would choose
45:22 · the most beautiful girls for himself perhaps one would be a blonde like Cecilia Flores
45:29 · she lives at the edge of a village in juancas with her family and a lot of pets
45:38 · in appearance it is easy to distinguish her from the dark-haired brown-skinned Neighbors
45:44 · Cecilia lives the life of a typical Local woman which includes a division of labor
45:51 · each day she takes her husband something to eat and drink at his workplace as has
45:56 · always been the custom she can't explain why her appearance is so distinctive
46:03 · I'm one of four children and three of us have blonde hair two of my cousins do as well they live
46:12 · in the city of chachapoya and also one of their daughters while the others are all dark-haired
46:20 · claro um my father couldn't explain to us why we are so blonde his grandparents also had hair like this
46:33 · there's no statement that says all the judge boys
46:39 · um remarked after travels throughout Peru and throughout the Indies as they were known in Panama and the areas that he walked through he said
46:48 · these people these chachapoya are the whitest people I have seen they are very agreeable
46:56 · graceful the women were are beautiful and often taken as Inca concubines or wives
47:04 · and he described how they were dressed sometimes with a slingshot wrapped around the head of the
47:09 · males Woolen clothing or cotton clothing but he was clearly impressed with them and thought they
47:18 · were attractive people it is also said that there have always been a lot of light-skinned blonde
Lima Bamba
47:25 · locals in the village of Lima Bamba although originally it was populated mainly by Indians
47:31 · just as in juancas nobody has any information about ancestors of any sort from Europe
47:40 · a visit to an elementary school here confirms the reports a significant
47:45 · number of the children here have light-colored skin and blonde hair
47:51 · now saliva samples are being taken from these children in order to establish their genetic fingerprint
48:01 · little Valentina is also allowed to provide a sample although only samples from male donors
48:07 · who are not related can provide meaningful results the blonde girl comes from a native
48:13 · family none of her relatives can recall any ancestors from a non-indian background
48:24 · one has given a saliva sample too his red hair makes him an ideal test subject
48:32 · however as with the other pupils this could be caused by a genetic mutation from exclusively Indian ancestors
DNA Analysis
48:44 · lab tests performed at the University of Rotterdam in the Netherlands are intended to clear up the issue an international team of experts
48:55 · is already waiting for the samples from Peru in the molecular genetic Institute
49:03 · under the supervision of Professor Kaiser the scientists succeed in identifying a special marker for hair color in the human genome
49:13 · so now we have the first genetic results from the lab of the gringuito samples and the first
49:19 · thing we looked for is the question is the red hair color of European origin or is it not of
49:24 · European origin we use DNA analysis to basically classify the people according to their Geographic
49:30 · origin so what we see there is that these individuals are of mixed ancestry so we indeed
49:36 · see between 10 and 50 percent European origin which thus coincide with the red hair but the
49:45 · remaining part of their genome as far as we can say from our analysis is of Native American origin
49:52 · the genetic analysis also indicates which part of Europe the ancestors of the test person came from
Which part of Europe
49:59 · did seafarers from Europe really get as far as America in ancient times did they Venture
50:07 · at the Amazon two thousand years ago as far as Peru into the land of the chachapoya [Music]
50:16 · do these children carry the answer to this question in their genes
50:23 · all the evidence we have at this moment really points for the western part of Europe we detected a type of bichromosome called r1b that has hits its highest
50:34 · frequency on the British Isles and in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula
Galicia
50:39 · Galicia once settled by Celts is in Northern Spain
50:45 · fresh fish is bought at auction on the keysight in Corona and then taken straight to the market
50:52 · the destiny of the people here is determined by fishing and sea trade
51:00 · did the forefathers of these galusians take their biological and cultural Legacy with them to Peru
Celtic Warriors
51:14 · Celtic warriors did have the ability to sail across the Atlantic two thousand years ago
51:22 · foreign the former superpower who were forced to flee from the Roman Legions
51:33 · people with the courage of those who have nothing to lose
51:39 · refugees full of Hope of finding a new home on the other side of the ocean did they leave traces when
51:50 · they got to the new world roundhouses and Fortress walls reminiscent of their Homeland in Galicia
52:00 · decorated with an animal that was unknown in South America
52:06 · funeral homes with Celtic spiral patterns painted in a style familiar from the Mediterranean or
52:14 · highly developed techniques of medical treatment opinions about these theories differ I do not see
52:19 · a break in the sequence I don't see a cultural turnover I don't see an invasion of foreign Styles foreign elements something that indicates to me whoa wow everything changed right here in
52:31 · the state obviously because they are unique they attract a lot of attention hence giffon is also
52:39 · convinced that his idea is correct now he places his hopes in scientific advances there's been
52:47 · very little work on exploring the chachapoya culture so I'm expecting lots of surprises
52:54 · so far however there are only suggestions that support the professor's vision
53:00 · but no smoking gun as yet [Music]