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· How much did the average Roman know about Parthia?
0:00 · welcome to this latest edition of the
0:02 · total Stone q a I'm Garrett Ryan and I'm
0:05 · here to answer your questions about the
0:07 · ancient Greeks and Romans
0:09 · if you have a question about Antiquity
0:11 · that I don't answer here please ask it
0:13 · in the comments and I add to my list
0:16 · today we have a nice tidy list of four
0:19 · questions the first of which submitted
0:21 · by DOTA Swatch is
0:23 · how much did the average Roman know
0:25 · about Parthia
0:27 · good question
0:29 · the parthian Empire is the Great Eastern
0:32 · adversary of the Romans for almost three
0:34 · centuries that was replaced by the
0:36 · sasanian a Persian Empire
0:39 · it Incorporated what's now Iraq and Iran
0:42 · parts of Afghanistan and a hefty chunk
0:44 · of the Central Asian Republics
0:46 · it was a formidable adversary as the
0:50 · Romans discovered to their great cost at
0:52 · Karai where crosses and much of his army
0:55 · was uh well lost
0:57 · there were many later Wars against the
1:00 · parthians Marc Anthony's campaigns the
1:03 · war of Nero and Armenia
1:05 · trajan's great conquest of Mesopotamia
1:07 · the war of Lucius Ferris and the 160s
1:10 · A.D and septemia severus's March into
1:13 · Northern Mesopotamia among others
1:16 · in all of these campaigns many Romans
1:18 · were involved and this is where most
1:21 · first-hand knowledge apartheid would
1:22 · have come if you were a soldier was
1:24 · marched out into the desert on one of
1:25 · these you would have seen at least a few
1:26 · parthian cities
1:28 · um and had at least a fleeting glimpse
1:30 · of the parthians armies with their
1:31 · Infamous parthian shots coming at you
1:34 · over your uh to Studio
1:37 · now besides Soldiers the Romans who have
1:40 · known Parthia best would have been
1:41 · Merchants there was extensive trade
1:43 · between Wars over the Syrian Frontier
1:46 · especially the Overland branch of the
1:49 · silk route Silk Road came in through
1:51 · Parthia and so those involved in that
1:53 · for a lucrative trade would have known
1:55 · bits of Parthia at least the frontier
1:57 · cities
1:58 · they're also of course were texts that
2:00 · recorded parthian geography parthian
2:04 · history we don't have too many of these
2:06 · sadly but they existed for those who
2:08 · were literate and had time on their
2:09 · hands
2:11 · for most Romans however who were not
2:13 · marching into Parthia trading with
2:15 · Parthia or reading about Parthia Parthia
2:18 · was known primarily Through The
2:19 · Monuments and commemorative coins of the
2:22 · Emperors who won victories there
2:25 · there were quite a few of these so in
2:26 · the Forum in the in Rome for example
2:29 · there is the septimius sephorus which
2:32 · commemorates his victories in
2:33 · Mesopotamia we still see if you look
2:35 · closely they're rather worn beliefs now
2:37 · troops marching through Mesopotamian
2:40 · cities and triumphing as their want to
2:42 · do in such monuments
2:44 · there's also the Lost arch of Augustus
2:46 · which commits that Emperor's recovery of
2:48 · the standards lost at Karai by crosses
2:53 · um in more General circulation so to
2:55 · speak there are coins handled by
2:57 · millions which commemorate the emperor's
2:59 · victories of aparthea showing standards
3:01 · recovered for example in the case of
3:03 · Augustus or Victory monuments raised in
3:06 · the wake of those victories
3:08 · they're even our provincial monuments so
3:10 · in Ephesus for example there is the
3:12 · parthian altar which is raised in the
3:14 · wake of which is various victories over
3:16 · the parthians
3:18 · so for most Romans in short parthias
3:20 · known through propaganda raised by the
3:23 · Emperors who had triumphed or claimed a
3:26 · triumph over their Eastern foes
· What did the Romans know about the city of Babylon?
3:31 · our second question submitted by Anthony
3:33 · is closely tied to the first and it is
3:37 · how much did the Romans know about the
3:39 · city of Babylon
3:41 · well less than you might think
3:43 · so Babylon had been the great Metropolis
3:46 · of the near East much celebrated by
3:49 · Herodotus for example who enthused about
3:52 · the city's vast walls those uh baked
3:55 · brick behemoths that ring to the city
3:57 · later sources talked a great deal about
4:00 · the Hanging Gardens of Babylon which
4:02 · were inscribed in the lists of the Seven
4:04 · Wonders
4:05 · but by the time of Augustus and even
4:08 · well before Babylon had shrunked
4:11 · insignificance it had been supplanted
4:14 · these Lucid Kings these are the Kings
4:17 · who replaced Alexander who found an
4:19 · Empire it's initially quite vast
4:21 · stretching from Syria off to Afghanistan
4:24 · had centered their empire in Syria and
4:27 · Mesopotamia in Mesopotamia they had
4:29 · founded quite near Babylon the city of
4:31 · salukia on the Tigris
4:34 · is it taken a great deal of the
4:36 · lifeblood away from Babylon had taken
4:38 · its trade
4:39 · later still the arsasid parthian Kings
4:42 · had founded tisaphon near salukia and as
4:45 · someone remained of the wind in
4:47 · babylon's sales
4:49 · so by the reign of Augustus there wasn't
4:51 · much left of Babylon maybe a few temples
4:54 · and not much else
4:55 · everything those brick those great walls
4:59 · the Hanging Gardens the multitudinous
5:02 · houses
5:03 · seem to have sunk back down into the
5:04 · floodplain as mud brick does and uh not
5:08 · much was left
5:10 · the Romans knew where the city was or
5:12 · had been Thanks to their geographers and
5:15 · they marched over it a few times during
5:17 · the campaigns against the parthians
5:19 · during which Roman armies repeatedly
5:21 · sacked and burned salukia and tisaphon
5:24 · but Babylon itself was a ghost known if
5:28 · at all through literature
· What were the most stable periods in Roman history?
5:33 · our next question submitted by
5:35 · Nathaniel's creative collections is
5:39 · besides the age of the five good
5:40 · Emperors what were the most stable
5:42 · periods in Roman history
5:46 · well stable depends of course on where
5:49 · you are and on who you are
5:51 · and who you are especially important
5:54 · because if you're in Rome for example
5:56 · even though you're usually exempt from
5:58 · things like Barbarian raids that be
6:00 · subject if you're a wealthy Senator to
6:03 · the depredations and other unwanted
6:05 · intentions of the emperor if he's
6:07 · someone like a Nero or a Caligula and of
6:10 · course people like that the ones who
6:11 · write our histories and determine our
6:12 · perspective on these periods so we have
6:15 · to kind of work around their Outlook
6:18 · but speaking more generally there are
6:20 · certainly eras in which there's General
6:22 · Tranquility across the Empire despite
6:24 · the usual uh rating on the edges and you
6:28 · know pestilence Within
6:30 · so the Julio claudian period that is you
6:33 · know the Emperors from Augustus to Nero
6:35 · is pretty good despite you know the uh
6:39 · unpleasantness of living in Rome under
6:41 · the Reigns of someone like Caligula or
6:43 · parts of Nero's reign
6:46 · um in the provinces it's a time of
6:47 · recovery from the wars of late Republic
6:49 · a time of General prosperity of
6:52 · population growth
6:54 · um and apparently it's it's pretty good
6:55 · for most people
6:57 · uh you know after this we have the year
6:59 · of the four Emperors which is good for
7:01 · almost no one Beyond Vespasian then
7:04 · again the flavian period is noises of
7:06 · calm the spaces rain the reign of Titus
7:08 · and domitian uh they're all pretty good
7:11 · in Roman around Rome
7:14 · um you know titus's Reign famously is
7:15 · marked by disasters of Vesuvius there's
7:18 · also a pestilence in Rome but it seems
7:20 · like for most people and despite
7:23 · emissions bad reputation among
7:25 · historians it's not a bad word not a bad
7:27 · time to be Roman again assuming you're
7:30 · free and relatively wealthy
7:33 · after this we have the year Reigns of
7:35 · the five Emperors who are always treated
7:36 · as the apogee rightly or wrongly got a
7:39 · video on that check it out told in stone
7:42 · um and then we have the chaos of Lake of
7:46 · commerce's Reign the late reign of
7:47 · counters especially and the year of the
7:49 · five Emperors 193. uh that again is a
7:53 · rough time to be in Rome especially for
7:55 · trying to claim the throne um or a
7:56 · soldier fighting for one of those
7:58 · emperors
7:59 · um but the severon period is actually
8:01 · again pretty stable
8:03 · would have been pretty wild to be in
8:04 · Rome I think during the valley gapless
8:07 · who is the the famous uh boy Emperor who
8:10 · throws a orgyestic rights for the sun
8:12 · god a lagabal in the capital again good
8:15 · time for everybody unless you're a
8:16 · senator
8:17 · but um after the severance of course the
8:20 · mid-third century that's when the props
8:22 · are kicked away and the Empire descends
8:24 · into the chaos of the military Anarchy
8:27 · there are oasis of calm after the
8:31 · mid-third century um the early
8:33 · patriarchic period for example was
8:35 · pretty good if you weren't a Christian
8:38 · um after this parts of Constantine's
8:41 · Reign uh the reign of his sons
8:43 · contagious II of the reign of
8:46 · valentinian uh even parts of the reign
8:48 · of theaters just the first are pretty
8:50 · stable throughout the Empire but they're
8:52 · only islands of calm there are more and
8:55 · more disruptions more Civil Wars more
8:57 · invasions
8:58 · and the fifth century is a real mess
9:00 · really almost across the Empire except
9:02 · for the east
9:04 · um so again you know it depends on who
9:06 · you are it depends on where you are and
9:08 · it's all the pitfalls of living in a
9:09 · pre-modern society where there's a short
9:12 · life expectancy and diseases everywhere
9:14 · but there are certainly long periods
9:16 · outside the remains of the five Emperors
9:17 · that are pretty stable in most Roman
9:20 · Empire
· Did the Romans have ethnic stereotypes?
9:24 · our final question also submitted by
9:26 · Nathaniel's creative collections is
9:30 · do the Romans have stereotypes about
9:32 · people from different provinces or parts
9:34 · of the empire
9:36 · oh yeah
9:37 · now as you'd expect people who lived in
9:40 · the capital in the city of Rome tender
9:42 · regard provincials as uh unsophisticated
9:46 · Hicks of various descriptions
9:48 · but there was more granular stereotyping
9:52 · about those from different parts of the
9:54 · empire
9:55 · now those from the Barbarian fringes of
9:59 · the north and west that's like Northern
10:01 · Gaul Britain for example uh tended to be
10:03 · regarded as barbarians themselves
10:06 · essentially
10:07 · um can tell us famously has this little
10:10 · bit about people from Spain who rinse
10:13 · their teeth with urine probably didn't
10:15 · happen incidentally but again it's a fun
10:18 · little scrollless bit to squirrel away
10:20 · in an epigram
10:22 · um we hear about people who are beer
10:24 · drinkers they're from the north
10:26 · um so the emperor Valens for example
10:29 · um is stereotype as a Beer Drinker uh
10:31 · pants wearers and people again from the
10:33 · uncouth unsophisticated uncultivated
10:35 · North
10:37 · but the Romans really have it in
10:38 · interestingly for easterners who are
10:41 · seen in general as being sophisticated
10:43 · and clever but lazy and somehow unmanly
10:47 · the Greeks for example there are lots of
10:50 · Greeks in Rome many of them working as
10:52 · tutors for example or as merchants
10:55 · they're almost regard them as being
10:56 · tricky you know don't trust a Greek
10:58 · bearing gifts and all that sort of thing
11:01 · and I don't really trust them very often
11:03 · there's a lot of anti-greek stereotyping
11:07 · um it's it's on uh even though most
11:09 · educated Romans know Greek they're
11:11 · taught it from early age
11:13 · um you only speak Greek in the Senate
11:14 · it's not something it wouldn't be done
11:16 · because it's uh again kind of a
11:19 · not Roman
11:21 · now there's even more stereotyping about
11:24 · people from the Far Eastern provinces so
11:27 · Syria for example
11:29 · the ceterus juvenile has a rather
11:31 · vicious satire about syrians he uh
11:34 · laments how the orantas the river of
11:37 · Antioch is gushing into the Tiber and
11:40 · how syrians these effeminate dissolute
11:42 · syrians are everywhere
11:45 · and so again there's this idea that
11:47 · these people are trying to incinate
11:48 · themselves into Roman society and take
11:50 · the good jobs and uh get money for
11:53 · themselves where they they haven't
11:54 · earned
11:55 · uh Egyptians are also stereotyped as
11:57 · being uh tricky uh they're they're
12:00 · feverish According to some Urban
12:02 · stereotypes
12:03 · um an Egyptian is a natural Thief
12:05 · there's also regarded by some Romans as
12:08 · being almost morbidly religious juvenile
12:12 · again who has to be counted on for some
12:13 · good old-fashioned chauvinism
12:15 · um has a really vicious satire about a
12:18 · battle between two Egyptian Villages and
12:21 · has some really nasty comments about uh
12:23 · worship of animals and things like that
12:26 · so the Romans despite not being racist
12:29 · per se
12:30 · um have all kinds of bad things to say
12:32 · about people from different parts of
12:33 · their own Empire
12:35 · um and of course even less positive
12:37 · about barbarians who will live beyond
12:39 · the pale Beyond The Blessing as Roman
12:40 · civilization
12:43 · that wraps it up for this edition of
12:47 · tolenstone q a if you have questions
12:49 · about Antiquity feel free to drop them
12:51 · into the comments in the meantime thanks
12:53 · very much for watching

Transcript
	·	How much did the average Roman know about Parthia?
0:00	·	welcome to this latest edition of the
0:02	·	total Stone q a I'm Garrett Ryan and I'm
0:05	·	here to answer your questions about the
0:07	·	ancient Greeks and Romans
0:09	·	if you have a question about Antiquity
0:11	·	that I don't answer here please ask it
0:13	·	in the comments and I add to my list
0:16	·	today we have a nice tidy list of four
0:19	·	questions the first of which submitted
0:21	·	by DOTA Swatch is
0:23	·	how much did the average Roman know
0:25	·	about Parthia
0:27	·	good question
0:29	·	the parthian Empire is the Great Eastern
0:32	·	adversary of the Romans for almost three
0:34	·	centuries that was replaced by the
0:36	·	sasanian a Persian Empire
0:39	·	it Incorporated what's now Iraq and Iran
0:42	·	parts of Afghanistan and a hefty chunk
0:44	·	of the Central Asian Republics
0:46	·	it was a formidable adversary as the
0:50	·	Romans discovered to their great cost at
0:52	·	Karai where crosses and much of his army
0:55	·	was uh well lost
0:57	·	there were many later Wars against the
1:00	·	parthians Marc Anthony's campaigns the
1:03	·	war of Nero and Armenia
1:05	·	trajan's great conquest of Mesopotamia
1:07	·	the war of Lucius Ferris and the 160s
1:10	·	A.D and septemia severus's March into
1:13	·	Northern Mesopotamia among others
1:16	·	in all of these campaigns many Romans
1:18	·	were involved and this is where most
1:21	·	first-hand knowledge apartheid would
1:22	·	have come if you were a soldier was
1:24	·	marched out into the desert on one of
1:25	·	these you would have seen at least a few
1:26	·	parthian cities
1:28	·	um and had at least a fleeting glimpse
1:30	·	of the parthians armies with their
1:31	·	Infamous parthian shots coming at you
1:34	·	over your uh to Studio
1:37	·	now besides Soldiers the Romans who have
1:40	·	known Parthia best would have been
1:41	·	Merchants there was extensive trade
1:43	·	between Wars over the Syrian Frontier
1:46	·	especially the Overland branch of the
1:49	·	silk route Silk Road came in through
1:51	·	Parthia and so those involved in that
1:53	·	for a lucrative trade would have known
1:55	·	bits of Parthia at least the frontier
1:57	·	cities
1:58	·	they're also of course were texts that
2:00	·	recorded parthian geography parthian
2:04	·	history we don't have too many of these
2:06	·	sadly but they existed for those who
2:08	·	were literate and had time on their
2:09	·	hands
2:11	·	for most Romans however who were not
2:13	·	marching into Parthia trading with
2:15	·	Parthia or reading about Parthia Parthia
2:18	·	was known primarily Through The
2:19	·	Monuments and commemorative coins of the
2:22	·	Emperors who won victories there
2:25	·	there were quite a few of these so in
2:26	·	the Forum in the in Rome for example
2:29	·	there is the septimius sephorus which
2:32	·	commemorates his victories in
2:33	·	Mesopotamia we still see if you look
2:35	·	closely they're rather worn beliefs now
2:37	·	troops marching through Mesopotamian
2:40	·	cities and triumphing as their want to
2:42	·	do in such monuments
2:44	·	there's also the Lost arch of Augustus
2:46	·	which commits that Emperor's recovery of
2:48	·	the standards lost at Karai by crosses
2:53	·	um in more General circulation so to
2:55	·	speak there are coins handled by
2:57	·	millions which commemorate the emperor's
2:59	·	victories of aparthea showing standards
3:01	·	recovered for example in the case of
3:03	·	Augustus or Victory monuments raised in
3:06	·	the wake of those victories
3:08	·	they're even our provincial monuments so
3:10	·	in Ephesus for example there is the
3:12	·	parthian altar which is raised in the
3:14	·	wake of which is various victories over
3:16	·	the parthians
3:18	·	so for most Romans in short parthias
3:20	·	known through propaganda raised by the
3:23	·	Emperors who had triumphed or claimed a
3:26	·	triumph over their Eastern foes
	·	What did the Romans know about the city of Babylon?
3:31	·	our second question submitted by Anthony
3:33	·	is closely tied to the first and it is
3:37	·	how much did the Romans know about the
3:39	·	city of Babylon
3:41	·	well less than you might think
3:43	·	so Babylon had been the great Metropolis
3:46	·	of the near East much celebrated by
3:49	·	Herodotus for example who enthused about
3:52	·	the city's vast walls those uh baked
3:55	·	brick behemoths that ring to the city
3:57	·	later sources talked a great deal about
4:00	·	the Hanging Gardens of Babylon which
4:02	·	were inscribed in the lists of the Seven
4:04	·	Wonders
4:05	·	but by the time of Augustus and even
4:08	·	well before Babylon had shrunked
4:11	·	insignificance it had been supplanted
4:14	·	these Lucid Kings these are the Kings
4:17	·	who replaced Alexander who found an
4:19	·	Empire it's initially quite vast
4:21	·	stretching from Syria off to Afghanistan
4:24	·	had centered their empire in Syria and
4:27	·	Mesopotamia in Mesopotamia they had
4:29	·	founded quite near Babylon the city of
4:31	·	salukia on the Tigris
4:34	·	is it taken a great deal of the
4:36	·	lifeblood away from Babylon had taken
4:38	·	its trade
4:39	·	later still the arsasid parthian Kings
4:42	·	had founded tisaphon near salukia and as
4:45	·	someone remained of the wind in
4:47	·	babylon's sales
4:49	·	so by the reign of Augustus there wasn't
4:51	·	much left of Babylon maybe a few temples
4:54	·	and not much else
4:55	·	everything those brick those great walls
4:59	·	the Hanging Gardens the multitudinous
5:02	·	houses
5:03	·	seem to have sunk back down into the
5:04	·	floodplain as mud brick does and uh not
5:08	·	much was left
5:10	·	the Romans knew where the city was or
5:12	·	had been Thanks to their geographers and
5:15	·	they marched over it a few times during
5:17	·	the campaigns against the parthians
5:19	·	during which Roman armies repeatedly
5:21	·	sacked and burned salukia and tisaphon
5:24	·	but Babylon itself was a ghost known if
5:28	·	at all through literature
	·	What were the most stable periods in Roman history?
5:33	·	our next question submitted by
5:35	·	Nathaniel's creative collections is
5:39	·	besides the age of the five good
5:40	·	Emperors what were the most stable
5:42	·	periods in Roman history
5:46	·	well stable depends of course on where
5:49	·	you are and on who you are
5:51	·	and who you are especially important
5:54	·	because if you're in Rome for example
5:56	·	even though you're usually exempt from
5:58	·	things like Barbarian raids that be
6:00	·	subject if you're a wealthy Senator to
6:03	·	the depredations and other unwanted
6:05	·	intentions of the emperor if he's
6:07	·	someone like a Nero or a Caligula and of
6:10	·	course people like that the ones who
6:11	·	write our histories and determine our
6:12	·	perspective on these periods so we have
6:15	·	to kind of work around their Outlook
6:18	·	but speaking more generally there are
6:20	·	certainly eras in which there's General
6:22	·	Tranquility across the Empire despite
6:24	·	the usual uh rating on the edges and you
6:28	·	know pestilence Within
6:30	·	so the Julio claudian period that is you
6:33	·	know the Emperors from Augustus to Nero
6:35	·	is pretty good despite you know the uh
6:39	·	unpleasantness of living in Rome under
6:41	·	the Reigns of someone like Caligula or
6:43	·	parts of Nero's reign
6:46	·	um in the provinces it's a time of
6:47	·	recovery from the wars of late Republic
6:49	·	a time of General prosperity of
6:52	·	population growth
6:54	·	um and apparently it's it's pretty good
6:55	·	for most people
6:57	·	uh you know after this we have the year
6:59	·	of the four Emperors which is good for
7:01	·	almost no one Beyond Vespasian then
7:04	·	again the flavian period is noises of
7:06	·	calm the spaces rain the reign of Titus
7:08	·	and domitian uh they're all pretty good
7:11	·	in Roman around Rome
7:14	·	um you know titus's Reign famously is
7:15	·	marked by disasters of Vesuvius there's
7:18	·	also a pestilence in Rome but it seems
7:20	·	like for most people and despite
7:23	·	emissions bad reputation among
7:25	·	historians it's not a bad word not a bad
7:27	·	time to be Roman again assuming you're
7:30	·	free and relatively wealthy
7:33	·	after this we have the year Reigns of
7:35	·	the five Emperors who are always treated
7:36	·	as the apogee rightly or wrongly got a
7:39	·	video on that check it out told in stone
7:42	·	um and then we have the chaos of Lake of
7:46	·	commerce's Reign the late reign of
7:47	·	counters especially and the year of the
7:49	·	five Emperors 193. uh that again is a
7:53	·	rough time to be in Rome especially for
7:55	·	trying to claim the throne um or a
7:56	·	soldier fighting for one of those
7:58	·	emperors
7:59	·	um but the severon period is actually
8:01	·	again pretty stable
8:03	·	would have been pretty wild to be in
8:04	·	Rome I think during the valley gapless
8:07	·	who is the the famous uh boy Emperor who
8:10	·	throws a orgyestic rights for the sun
8:12	·	god a lagabal in the capital again good
8:15	·	time for everybody unless you're a
8:16	·	senator
8:17	·	but um after the severance of course the
8:20	·	mid-third century that's when the props
8:22	·	are kicked away and the Empire descends
8:24	·	into the chaos of the military Anarchy
8:27	·	there are oasis of calm after the
8:31	·	mid-third century um the early
8:33	·	patriarchic period for example was
8:35	·	pretty good if you weren't a Christian
8:38	·	um after this parts of Constantine's
8:41	·	Reign uh the reign of his sons
8:43	·	contagious II of the reign of
8:46	·	valentinian uh even parts of the reign
8:48	·	of theaters just the first are pretty
8:50	·	stable throughout the Empire but they're
8:52	·	only islands of calm there are more and
8:55	·	more disruptions more Civil Wars more
8:57	·	invasions
8:58	·	and the fifth century is a real mess
9:00	·	really almost across the Empire except
9:02	·	for the east
9:04	·	um so again you know it depends on who
9:06	·	you are it depends on where you are and
9:08	·	it's all the pitfalls of living in a
9:09	·	pre-modern society where there's a short
9:12	·	life expectancy and diseases everywhere
9:14	·	but there are certainly long periods
9:16	·	outside the remains of the five Emperors
9:17	·	that are pretty stable in most Roman
9:20	·	Empire
	·	Did the Romans have ethnic stereotypes?
9:24	·	our final question also submitted by
9:26	·	Nathaniel's creative collections is
9:30	·	do the Romans have stereotypes about
9:32	·	people from different provinces or parts
9:34	·	of the empire
9:36	·	oh yeah
9:37	·	now as you'd expect people who lived in
9:40	·	the capital in the city of Rome tender
9:42	·	regard provincials as uh unsophisticated
9:46	·	Hicks of various descriptions
9:48	·	but there was more granular stereotyping
9:52	·	about those from different parts of the
9:54	·	empire
9:55	·	now those from the Barbarian fringes of
9:59	·	the north and west that's like Northern
10:01	·	Gaul Britain for example uh tended to be
10:03	·	regarded as barbarians themselves
10:06	·	essentially
10:07	·	um can tell us famously has this little
10:10	·	bit about people from Spain who rinse
10:13	·	their teeth with urine probably didn't
10:15	·	happen incidentally but again it's a fun
10:18	·	little scrollless bit to squirrel away
10:20	·	in an epigram
10:22	·	um we hear about people who are beer
10:24	·	drinkers they're from the north
10:26	·	um so the emperor Valens for example
10:29	·	um is stereotype as a Beer Drinker uh
10:31	·	pants wearers and people again from the
10:33	·	uncouth unsophisticated uncultivated
10:35	·	North
10:37	·	but the Romans really have it in
10:38	·	interestingly for easterners who are
10:41	·	seen in general as being sophisticated
10:43	·	and clever but lazy and somehow unmanly
10:47	·	the Greeks for example there are lots of
10:50	·	Greeks in Rome many of them working as
10:52	·	tutors for example or as merchants
10:55	·	they're almost regard them as being
10:56	·	tricky you know don't trust a Greek
10:58	·	bearing gifts and all that sort of thing
11:01	·	and I don't really trust them very often
11:03	·	there's a lot of anti-greek stereotyping
11:07	·	um it's it's on uh even though most
11:09	·	educated Romans know Greek they're
11:11	·	taught it from early age
11:13	·	um you only speak Greek in the Senate
11:14	·	it's not something it wouldn't be done
11:16	·	because it's uh again kind of a
11:19	·	not Roman
11:21	·	now there's even more stereotyping about
11:24	·	people from the Far Eastern provinces so
11:27	·	Syria for example
11:29	·	the ceterus juvenile has a rather
11:31	·	vicious satire about syrians he uh
11:34	·	laments how the orantas the river of
11:37	·	Antioch is gushing into the Tiber and
11:40	·	how syrians these effeminate dissolute
11:42	·	syrians are everywhere
11:45	·	and so again there's this idea that
11:47	·	these people are trying to incinate
11:48	·	themselves into Roman society and take
11:50	·	the good jobs and uh get money for
11:53	·	themselves where they they haven't
11:54	·	earned
11:55	·	uh Egyptians are also stereotyped as
11:57	·	being uh tricky uh they're they're
12:00	·	feverish According to some Urban
12:02	·	stereotypes
12:03	·	um an Egyptian is a natural Thief
12:05	·	there's also regarded by some Romans as
12:08	·	being almost morbidly religious juvenile
12:12	·	again who has to be counted on for some
12:13	·	good old-fashioned chauvinism
12:15	·	um has a really vicious satire about a
12:18	·	battle between two Egyptian Villages and
12:21	·	has some really nasty comments about uh
12:23	·	worship of animals and things like that
12:26	·	so the Romans despite not being racist
12:29	·	per se
12:30	·	um have all kinds of bad things to say
12:32	·	about people from different parts of
12:33	·	their own Empire
12:35	·	um and of course even less positive
12:37	·	about barbarians who will live beyond
12:39	·	the pale Beyond The Blessing as Roman
12:40	·	civilization
12:43	·	that wraps it up for this edition of
12:47	·	tolenstone q a if you have questions
12:49	·	about Antiquity feel free to drop them
12:51	·	into the comments in the meantime thanks
12:53	·	very much for watching