Three years later NASA launched the "Echo" satellite. I still remember Dad taking me out to see it in the night sky and, being nine years old, I thought to myself "What's the big deal?"
NASA launched the Echo I communications balloon satellite on Aug. 12, 1960. The 100-foot-diameter satellite, designed by the Space Vehicle Group of the NASA Langley Research Center and constructed by General Mills of Minneapolis, Minnesota, was shown during ground inflation tests in 1959."Project Echo" was interesting as it was the first attempt at satellite communications for use by consumers.Suspended from the ceiling of a hangar the sphere, named "Echo," was inflated by use of a blower connected to the satellite by a hose. Forty thousand pounds of air was required to inflate the sphere on the ground, while in orbit it only required several pounds of gas to keep it inflated.
It carried no active communication components, no relays. Just two FM transmitters for telemetry purposes, powered by nickel-cadmium batteries charged by solar cells. The satellite achieved its purpose by passively reflecting any radio signal directed towards its large shiny surface. For eight years it relayed radio and television signals, and made intercontinental telephone calls possible. The best part was—any individual with the right equipment could use the satellite at no cost.
Arthur Summerfield, U.S. Postmaster General from 1953 to 1961, ran a system that was still largely processing the mail by hand. He set out to automate and mechanize the work. But he also had big dreams of the next frontier in mail: space.The Balloon Satellites of Project EchoIn 1960 Summerfield partnered with NASA to use the space agency’s Echo 1 satellite for Speed Mail, a service that would allow customers to send letters rapidly across the country. Echo 1 was an early experiment in satellite communication. Launched inside a metal sphere [a spare of which is shown above], it inflated in low Earth orbit into a giant Mylar balloon, 100 feet (30.5 meters) across. Project personnel dubbed it a “satelloon.” It circled the globe every 2 hours, reflecting radio, telephone, and TV signals on two channels—960 megahertz and 2390 megahertz—between ground stations.
How did Speed Mail work? Patrons would compose their Speed Mail missives on special stationery, similar to the Victory Mail forms used to expedite letters to U.S. soldiers during World War II. The sender would take the Speed Mail form to a designated post office. In accordance with privacy laws and expectations, postal employees would never see the contents of the sealed letter. Instead, a special machine would automatically open the letter, scan it, and then beam the contents via Echo 1 to the destination post office, where it would be printed, sealed, and delivered.
On 9 November 1960, the postmaster sent the first Speed Mail letter. Addressed to “Mr. and Mrs. America,” the letter urged people to post their holiday cards and presents early. That remains sound advice even in the Internet age and certainly during a global pandemic.
I remember my Dad taking us out to watch Echo 1 and Echo 2 passes. They were really bright!
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