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re deaths in 1918 flu caused by flu and Fauxi wrote the paper
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Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness.
Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. J Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 1;198(7):962-70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18710327/
RESULTS: The postmortem samples we examined from people who died of influenza during 1918-1919 uniformly exhibited severe changes indicative of bacterial pneumonia. ...CONCLUSIONS: The majority of deaths in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic likely resulted dir …
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Bacterial complications during pandemic influenza infection.
Hussell T, Wissinger E, Goulding J. Future Microbiol. 2009 Apr;4(3):269-72. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19327113/
Evaluation of: Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS: Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. J. Infect. Dis. 198(7), 962-970 (2008). Secondary bacter …
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Pandemic and seasonal influenza: therapeutic challenges.
Memoli MJ, Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. Drug Discov Today. 2008 Jul;13(13-14):590-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18598914/
Influenza A viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality annually, and the threat of a pandemic underscores the need for new therapeutic strategies. Here, we briefly discuss novel antiviral agents under investigation, the limitations of current antiviral therapy and s …
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Emerging infections: a perpetual challenge.
Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Nov;8(11):710-9. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70256-1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18992407/
Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, and their determinants, have recently attracted substantial scientific and popular attention. HIV/AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome, H5N1 avian influenza, and many other emerging diseases have either proved fatal or cause …

“The question of whether the pathogenesis of severe influenza-associated pneumonia was primarily viral (i.e., assumed to be an unknown etiologic agent in 1918) or a combination of viral and bacterial agents was carefully considered by pathologists in 1918–1919, without definitive resolution [26, 33]. The issue was addressed anew in the early 1930s when Shope published a series of experimental studies that involved the just-discovered swine influenza A virus: severe disease in an animal model resulted only when the virus and Hemophilus influenzae suis were administered together [67]. In 1935, Brightman studied combined human influenza and streptococcal infection in a ferret intranasal inoculation model. Even though neither agent was pathogenic when administered alone, they were highly fatal in combination [68]. In rhesus monkeys, human influenza viruses given intranasally were not pathogenic, but could be made so by nasopharyngeal instillation of otherwise nonpathogenic bacteria [69]. During the 1940s, additional studies in ferrets, mice, and rats established that the influenza virus in combination with any of several pneumopathic bacteria acted synergistically to produce either a higher incidence of disease, a higher death rate, or a shortened time to death [70-73]; these effects could be mitigated or eliminated if antibiotics were given shortly after establishment of combined infection [73]. More recent data suggest that influenza vaccination may prevent bacterial disease [74].”