Thank you - got most of that by reading but didn’t know where Cramer popped out of.
I of course have absolutely no legal knowledge but it is fascinating to read the exchange, and to my untutored mind, your argments make sense.
I was looking for support for my point of view (that taking an oath or affirming of allegiance is not necessary to establish a finding of owing allegiance), and made the mistake of excluding only military (or government actor) defendant cases. I didn't pause to consider that naturalized citizens take an oath of allegiance.