“You can find the phrase “domestic insurrections” in the Federalist Papers, and it’s not used in connection with slave uprising.”
I think I see what you are referencing in Federalist Paper #9 and #10 but I’m not sure.
Are #9 and #10 what you are referencing, or is there something else?
That is "domestic faction and insurrection." You can find "domestic insurrection in papers 25 and 26. In paper 25 the phrase clearly refers to Shay's Rebellion, which wasn't a slave revolt.
You can also search a large collection of books on Google Books Ngrams. "Domestic insurrection" first appears in British English in 1745 and in American English in 1774. "Treasonous insurrection" was a much less common phrase that only had a small vogue from 1806 to 1826.
"Servile insurrection makes appearances from 1796 to 1804, then has a comeback in 1814 and overtakes "domestic insurrection" in 1850, becoming far more popular in the 1860s, but it was used earlier from 1715 to 1723 (probably tied in with an earlier Jacobite rising), so it was possible, but not likely, that Jefferson could have used the phrase if he wanted to talk about slave revolts. "Slave insurrection" has a similar pattern, first appearing in American English in 1796 and becoming very common in the 1860s.
"Treasonous insurrection" contains a marked value judgement. It's a moral judgement and condemnation. I wouldn't say that it refers to something different from the broader category of "domestic insurrection." It just gives an ethical or emotional color to one's writing. It's a phrase that you'd use if you wanted to strike an emotional chord and leave out if you were making a colder, more intellectual argument.
Anyway, look up words like these on Google Books Ngram Viewer. It won't give you a definite answer, but it does indicate the relative commonness or rareness of words and phrases at different times in history.