
Newton's explanation of orbits: A cannon firing at different speeds. Shots A and B will fall to Earth, C will enter a circular orbit, D results in an elliptical orbit, and E is fired beyond "escape velocity".
Here's the idea: If two gravitating objects aren't going fast enough with respect to one another, they'll collide (as the cannon ball does at point A and point B). Attain some minimal orbiting velocity, and they'll go into orbit around one another, but just barely (C). Push the velocity higher, and the orbit will be higher (D). Push it too far and they'll break their gravitational bonds and go their merry ways (E).
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