This is why it’s absolutely vital for the patient and/or their family to be on their toes as well. Know what’s going on with your care and why. That way, if something changes or is not done you are able to speak up and ask questions for yourself.
I had to do this with my mother. And some doctors, actually one, took offense at being questioned. But that was too bad for him.
Yes - the patients and haves should now what is going on and need to take some responsibility for their care. Ask questions about everything!! You should know about medications, lab tests, x-rays and other procedures. You don’t have to have a medical degree to understand. Just know what is being tested and why.
I went to the cardiologist with my dad. The MD thought my dad had COPD, which he did NOT. I was able to intervene and keep him from getting started on meds he did not need.
Also - the study above was on doctors in training (interns and residents) at bigger university hospitals. In smaller community hospitals, you typically are followed by your own doctor +/- a few consultant doctors.