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Cosmic distance ladder
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The cosmic distance ladder (also known as the Extragalactic Distance Scale) is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects.
Extreme is a subjective term, especially when dealing with objects and distances as massive as we are here. During an eclipse, with the right equipment, you can see the stars behind the sun on what appears to be the face of or around the sun. Considering the distances with the other image, that would be a fraction of a degree of a gravity well shift from what we can directly observe.
