No.
Will its gravity be pulling in the opposite direction of where the light appears to come from at that instant?
No.
The Green question: Pluto ... For an observer on earth who looks up and sees Pluto when it is overhead and when it is 6.8 light hours away, at that instant in time, will Pluto really be about 102 degrees away from where it appears?
No.
Will it really appear directly overhead at the moment it is really below the horizon?
No.
The Blue question: If the sun were 10 light days away, and the earth was suddenly stopped, do you believe that the sun would continue to appear to rise and set for another 10 days?
No.
The Yellow question: Let's say that you are standing on a turntable at the North Pole. Lets also say that the turntable (and its pointer) is tracking and pointing at the Suns gravity field (its actual position). Will the pointer on the turntable be pointing at* the light that you see
Yes.
The Lavender question: Let us say that I tilted up my merry go around so that it's top pointed directly at the north star (Polaris to be specific) and furthermore let us say that I got it spinning at exactly 180 degrees per 8.3 minutes with reference to the position of the sun -- at the instant that the sun appeared almost exactly in my face, would it really be behind my head?
No.
The Purple question: Let us say that I had a merry go around on the North Pole furthermore let us say that I got it spinning at exactly 180 degrees per 8.3 minutes with reference to the position of the sun -- at the instant that the sun appeared almost exactly in my face, would it really be behind my head?
No.
The Aqua question: ... You said that If the earth were turning at the rate of 180 degrees per 8.5 minutes, the sun's optical image would be lagged 180 degrees from its real position.
That's wrong. The optical image would show the real position of the sun. And the light and gravitational directions would match. Whether you were standing on a spinning Earth or a spinning merry-go-round wouldn't matter.
Thanks, wideminded. You and I are in perfect agreement on the answers to the color coded questions you answered! LeGrande would, however, most likely answer them differently — except he seems to be refusing to to answer them at all.
Thanks,
-Jesse