Clever Hans (German: der Kluge Hans; c. 1895 – c. 1916) was a horse that was claimed to have performed arithmetic and other intellectual tasks. After a formal investigation in 1907, psychologist Oskar Pfungst demonstrated that the horse was not actually performing these mental tasks, but was watching the reactions of his trainer.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clever_Hans
That’s the point. The dog’s doing the same thing, IMO, whether or not the owner is deliberately cuing the dog.