Posted on 04/05/2006 10:32:31 AM PDT by PatrickHenry
Paleontologists have discovered fossils of a species that provides the missing evolutionary link between fish and the first animals that walked out of water onto land about 375 million years ago. The newly found species, Tiktaalik roseae, has a skull, a neck, ribs and parts of the limbs that are similar to four-legged animals known as tetrapods, as well as fish-like features such as a primitive jaw, fins and scales.
These fossils, found on Ellesmere Island in Arctic Canada, are the most compelling examples yet of an animal that was at the cusp of the fish-tetrapod transition. The new find is described in two related research articles highlighted on the cover of the April 6, 2006, issue of Nature.
"Tiktaalik blurs the boundary between fish and land-living animal both in terms of its anatomy and its way of life," said Neil Shubin, professor and chairman of organismal biology at the University of Chicago and co-leader of the project.
Tiktaalik was a predator with sharp teeth, a crocodile-like head and a flattened body. The well-preserved skeletal material from several specimens, ranging from 4 to 9 feet long, enabled the researchers to study the mosaic pattern of evolutionary change in different parts of the skeleton as fish evolved into land animals.
The high quality of the fossils also allowed the team to examine the joint surfaces on many of the fin bones, concluding that the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints were capable of supporting the body-like limbed animals.
"Human comprehension of the history of life on Earth is taking a major leap forward," said H. Richard Lane, director of sedimentary geology and paleobiology at the National Science Foundation. "These exciting discoveries are providing fossil 'Rosetta Stones' for a deeper understanding of this evolutionary milestone--fish to land-roaming tetrapods."
One of the most important aspects of this discovery is the illumination of the fin-to-limb transition. In a second paper in the journal, the scientists describe in depth how the pectoral fin of the fish serves as the origin of the tetrapod limb.
Embedded in the fin of Tiktaalik are bones that compare to the upper arm, forearm and primitive parts of the hand of land-living animals.
"Most of the major joints of the fin are functional in this fish," Shubin said. "The shoulder, elbow and even parts of the wrist are already there and working in ways similar to the earliest land-living animals."
At the time that Tiktaalik lived, what is now the Canadian Arctic region was part of a landmass that straddled the equator. It had a subtropical climate, much like the Amazon basin today. The species lived in the small streams of this delta system. According to Shubin, the ecological setting in which these animals evolved provided an environment conducive to the transition to life on land.
"We knew that the rocks on Ellesmere Island offered a glimpse into the right time period and the right ancient environments to provide the potential for finding fossils documenting this important evolutionary transition," said Ted Daeschler of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, a co-leader of the project. "Finding the fossils within this remote, rugged terrain, however, required a lot of time and effort."
The nature of the deposits where the fossils were found and the skeletal structure of Tiktaalik suggests the animal lived in shallow water and perhaps even out of the water for short periods.
"The skeleton of Tiktaalik indicates that it could support its body under the force of gravity whether in very shallow water or on land," said Farish Jenkins, professor of organismic and evolutionary biology at Harvard University and co-author of the papers. "This represents a critical early phase in the evolution of all limbed animals, including humans--albeit a very ancient step."
The new fossils were collected during four summers of exploration in Canada's Nunavut Territory, 600 miles from the North Pole, by paleontologists from the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, the University of Chicago and Harvard University. Although the team has amassed a diverse assemblage of fossil fish, Shubin said, the discovery of these transitional fossils in 2004 was a vindication of their persistence.
The scientists asked the Nunavut people to propose a formal scientific name for the new species. The Elders Council of Nunavut, the Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit, suggested "Tiktaalik" (tic-TAH-lick)--the word in the Inuktikuk language for "a large, shallow water fish."
The scientists worked through the Department of Culture, Language, Elders and Youth in Nunavut to collaborate with the local Inuit communities. All fossils are the property of the people of Nunavut and will be returned to Canada after they are studied.
The team depended on the maps of the Geological Survey of Canada. The researchers received permits from the Department of Culture, Language, Elders and Youth of the Government of Nunavut, and logistical support in the form of helicopters and bush planes from Polar Continental Shelf Project of Natural Resources Canada. The National Science Foundation and the National Geographic Society, along with an anonymous donor, also helped fund the project.
Even when the evos call me names, I don't call them names back. They are unsure of themselves, and when they can't debate a particular point, they play that little "put down" game.
I have no need to do that myself, as I am secure in my beliefs; they are not.
A frog turning instantaneously into a prince is called a fairy tale, but if you add a few million years, it’s called evolutionary science.
He didn't. And an untruth repeated in full knowledge of its falsity is a lie.
But yet, you can't refute what I said, can you?
I just did. Darwin said no such thing. You made it up.
Do either of you ever provide links to back up you claims?
CG: Evos here CLAIMED that the body did NOT have TRILLIONS of cells. Go back and reread.
Perhaps the claim that Darwin believed that the body had only one cell is now being used to replace the silly idea that Darwin recanted the theory of evolution on his deathbed...once one story is dismantled and disproven, another pops up to take its place...
They just make up stuff as they go along. lol
I've read Darwin's work end to end, and nowhere in it does it say that the human body is made up of one cell.
You lied. Prove me wrong by posting anything that substantiates your claim.
"..Darwin recanted the theory of evolution on his deathbed.."
I don't think so. It would ruin his legacy.
"I've read Darwin's work end to end, and nowhere in it does it say that the human body is made up of one cell."
link, please.
Ah, but many creationists insist that Darwin did recant...its as tho, if one can prove that Darwin recanted, that somehow puts into doubt, the validity of evolution...many folks still believe it true, that Darwin recanted, and they will not even consider the historical evidence which suggests the 'Darwin recanted' story, is nothing but a case of wishful thinking on the part of creationists...
Your local public library. You can recognize it easily; it's the building with all the books in it.
Do I have to explain what a book is?
Thanks. I knew some of Darwin's work, at least, was online, but I didn't want to encourage the idea that if it ain't on the web, it doesn't exist. :-)
"Okay then, I take that as he did not address that issue correct? Did Darwin have anything to say as to cellular biology, specifically number of cells in the human body?"
Well put, RW. Maybe I should have asked it that way.
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