By contrast, the Northern states developed their own segregated patterns resulting in de facto segregated schools, particularly in cities and surrounding suburbs. Public schools were left to their own means of complying with the law. They lacked a well-planned, coordinated approach that included housing policies devised by public and private coalitions along with political leadership. Vast numbers of people--adults and children--were emotionally affected by desegregation. It made a profound impression upon individual lives and families, on all of us.Here
BY the 1970s, according to studies by Gary Orfield, the South had become the nation's most integrated region. In 1976, 45.1 percent of the South's African American students were attending majority white schools, compared with just 27.5 percent in the Northeast and 29.7 percent in the Midwest. These gains occurred in the context of the second great controversy of the school desegregation effort -- busing.Civilrights.orgIN 1977, THE COURT took up another issue arising out of the Detroit litigation and sought to ease the impact of denying interdistrict desegregation. In Milliken II the Court ordered the state of Michigan, along with the Detroit school system, to finance a plan to address the educational deficits faced by African American children. These deficits, the Court suggested, arose out of enforced segregation and could not be cured by physical desegregation alone.
Since the 1970s Boston schools have become even more segregated by race and class. In evaluating the ultimate failure of desegregation in Boston, Formisano explicitly identifies where public policy went wrong and why. In doing so, he provides an insightful account of one of the most significant grass-roots movements of the 1970s and offers a valuable contribution to understanding the ongoing social problem that school desegregation tried to address.Boston against busing
The politics of public school segregation in the North also captured national attention as courts began to identify and take judicial steps to remedy racially segregated northern schools. For example, the federal district court in Detroit suggested a conspiracy among government officials (federal, state and local) and private organizations to reinforce segregation throughout the Detroit schools (Milliken v. Bradley, 338 F. Supp. 582 {1971}). In Denver, the district court found that school officials had engaged in racial segregation of one section of the district through deliberate manipulation of the "neighborhood school" (Keyes v. School District Number I, 303 F. Supp. 279 {D. Colo. 1969}).Student civil rights in the 1970s
More Yankee hypocrisy.
BTW, many of the black adults (and some of their children!) didn't want integration where I lived. In the ensuing years of racial strife, they lost control of a generation of their children, with commonly terrible results. Many of those 'kids' are dead now, the result of crime and drugs which were not part of their culture in the '60's.