[Gianni]

The Ninth and Tenth Amendments dealt with the relationship and limits on both the federal and state governments. Where was the "heming and hawing"?

Your insistence (repeatedly) that the government can create a power with no concern to the expressly written prohibition provided by the tenth sounds to me like 'hemming and hawing.'

[capitan_refugio]

There were no "express" prohibitions to federal government power in the Tenth Amendment. The term "express" had been proposed in the Tenth Amendment debate in the 1st Congress, and had been twice defeated. Madison and others had argued why this should be the case. The federal government retains it "powers of implication."

This is very clear. I would refer you to The Bill of Rights: Original Meaning and Current Understanding by Eugene W. Hickok, Jr., University Press of Virginia. I bought this in paperback to learn more about the background of the 2nd Amendment.