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"Are businesses that only hire college graduates illegally discriminating? Or do high school graduates have a right to be hired by them?"

Since when does the NFL require a college degree for its players? I believe that less than half of its players graduated from college. The problem is that the NFL and NBA, unlike Major League Baseball, have their heads too far up their respective posteriors and refuse to set up a farm system to train young players. Major League Baseball teams signs hundreds of kids out of high school every year, and send them to the minor leagues, where they can develop and, if they make the grade, are eventually called up to the majors. Why can't the NBA and NFL do the same? Teams could draft whoever the hell they want, and if they aren't ready to play in the highest level they can keep them in a lower league. Nobody forces the teams to draft or sign young players---if a team refuses to draft players who are not at least 21 or who have not graduated from college, that's their prerogative. But it is wrong for this semi-governmental body (which has a monopoly on professional football in the U.S.) to tell a private corporation that it may not draft a player they want to draft simply because the league and the players' union want to keep salaries low.

Are businesses that only hire college graduates illegally discriminating? Or do high school graduates have a right to be hired by them?

No, but there's often a big difference between a college graduate and a high school graduate in terms of knowledge. For example, a CPA firm would have good reason to hire a college graduate who's taken many semesters of Business and Accounting classes as well as had more experience in writing reports over a high school grad who might have been exposed to a little business knowledge.

But what difference is there for Clarett? Is he not already physically strong enough and suitably fast enough for the NFL? And running back is probably the position with the least need for practical experience (versus say quarterbacks). His age becomes an artificial distinction which the courts might frown upon, especially since he's an adult.

It's an interesting question. From my point of view, the current system where the colleges act as a free minor league for the NFL and the colleges make money off of their "minor leaguers" in return for some easy classes seems to skirt violating the 13th Amendment.

Are businesses that only hire college graduates illegally discriminating? Or do high school graduates have a right to be hired by them?

No the high school grad doesn't meet the standard set by the employer if they require a college degree.
In the case of Clarett the qualification is that his high school class must have graduated 3 years prior to his being eligible for hire in the NFL.
The arguement can be made that the college degree is a qualification needed to perform the job while the 3 year rule has nothing to do with the abilty to perform in the NFL.
If the rule stated that the player must play at least 3 years of college football or Candaian or European pro football to be considered for the NFL then you can make the qualifaction argument but it doesn't, so the 3 year rule won't be upheld.

The NFL's three year rule is designed to do nothing more than keep players in school (the NFL's farm system) and keeping Universities happy so they will let pro scouts on campus to evaluate the players.