Examples of such countries: Britain (3), France (2), Brazil (2), Russia, Italy (1), Spain (1), India(1), Thailand(1), Japan(1).India plans to get a second carrier (in addition to a British carrier it got) and China has been working on naval aviation from carriers.
Of the above countries most of them have VTOL type carriers (meaning they can only use harrier jump jets), however the following have 'American-style' catapult carriers: France, Brazil, US and Russia ......and once India gets the Russian carrier it will also have a similar system (although its current carrier, the British Hermes/Indian Viraat, is a VTOL harrier equiped carrier).
Here is a picture showing the difference between a catapult carrier and a VTOL carrier:
Examples of Catapult Carriers
US Nimitz Class:
French De Gaulle
Brazilian Sao Paulo
Russian Kuznetsov (which is to be given to India)
The above are 'full size carriers.' Actually that is a far better moniker than 'catapult carrier' because the main thing about them is they have full-size decks while VTOL carriers have short decks. They are able to use their huge decks to launch aircraft that are not VTOL (vertical take off/landing).
However most nations with aircraft carriers in the world have the 'short-deck' VTOL-type carriers thata re only able to launch VTOL aircraft like the Harrier! The Harrier is used because it can land vertically (like a helicopter) meaning little space is required. Here are some pictures of VTOL carriers.
Examples of VTOL carriers
British Ocean class
Italian Garibaldi
Spanish Asturias
Indian Viraat (they got this one from the UK where it was called the Hermes)
Chakri carrier belonging to Thailand
Japanese Ohsumi
