Protected slavery from government intervention or threat of elimination, safeguarded slave imports, made it harder to amend the constitution, etc.
If this was that big a worry, the economics of slavery would have killed it in a couple of decades with everyone realizing that it was more cost effective to pay them than to keep them slave.
From "America! A Concise History" by Rorabaugh and Critchlow:
"...Another compromise provision gave Congress the right to abolish the African slave trade in 1808. In fact, few new slaves entered the United States after 1787, every state except South Carolina banned the overseas trade, and Congress did abolish this trade in 1808."