You got it...... well done.
But coming back to the question about what you can see. When I say galaxies- I don't mean a bright spot that looks like a star. As far as that goes- that's what planets look like to the naked eye. I want to know, can you see the galaxy's spiral shape? Can you see the way the stars clump in the middle and then others are flung out on their rotational axis. How much detail of a galaxy could you see?
Depends on the size/distance of the galaxy... as you already know Andromeda is visible with the naked eye, and is about the size of a full moon. In a scope, you can see the bright central core and some spiral structure. What you won't see is individual stars; that requires a really big scope. So, even with a modest amateur scope, you can see galactic structure in nearby galaxies...
If I look at a galaxy with a ten incher- does it look like a galaxy?
Andromeda, or some other nearby spiral galaxy, yes.
If I photoed Andromeda through a 10 inch telescope would I have a picture that looked like a galaxy or a big fuzzy star?
Assuming you did everything right (which isn't easy), the picture would show fainter detail than you would see looking thru the scope with your eye, but no finer. (IOW, the photgraphic emulsion, or a solid state CCD detector, is more sensitive to light than your eye if you take a time exposure and integrate all the photons hitting the scope during the exposure. The eye is snap-shot; it doesn't integrate over time)
On the planets again- would a ten inch telescope allow you to see one of Jupiter's moons as it moved across the planet?
Overkill. First, people with really good eyes can just barely see the Galilean moons with the naked eye. Any scope, even a cheap 2" refrator, heck, binoculars, will allow you to see them when they're next to the Jupiter. Something a little bigger might be needed to see them (actually, you'll see their SHADOW) crossing in front of the planet, but 10" is MORE than enough; I know an 8" will do it, and I'd bet something much smaller would work.)
Don't get too technical. I don't care that much about the mechanics of the scope- I just want to know what I can see in the cross hairs ;-)
10-4. No quiz. Hope this helps.
BTW, if your thinking of buying a scope, you haven't asked the MOST important question: How hard is it to set up/take down?
The bigger the scope, the more work and hassle it is to lug it to your viewing site, set it up, etc.
The most important rule of amateur astronomy is that is doesn't matter how BIG your scope is if it just sits in the garage collecting dust, because it's too damned much work to drag it out.
It is for this reason that the best first instrument is a pair of good 7x50 binoculars.... or a compact, lightweight modest telescope. If you get hooked using that, then move up to a bigger scope.
Better to spend a few hundred $ and find out your interest is short-lived than to spend ten times that....