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For years after the surrender of Geronimo in 1886 there were isolated raids by renegade Apaches in the United States and Mexico. Finally, tired of the depredations ranchers on the border gathered a volunteer cavalry of 600 men based in Douglas, Arizona to go after the Indians. The year was 1934.

After years of rumors and reported sightings and the discovery of campgrounds an Apache headman confirmed that there were still bands of Apache in the Sierra Madre. Occasionally they would venure north across the border. They did everything to avoid discovery and, aside from an occasional petty theft, avoided whites entirely. The year was 1960.

Even now it is possible, without too much trouble, to go back into the canyonlands of the Navajo Reservation and find elderly Navajo who have seen few, if any, white men in their lifetimes. They speak no English and live the old ways.

There are other groups who have gone back to the old ways. They are not anthropologically significant because they have chosen to leave the modern world and try to live like their ancestors. There is no chain of continuity and a white man could do the same.

Many live in a grey area between old customs and the modern world. It will take centuries for the old cultures to disappear.