All they do is state that various non-specified rights are the province of the states and the people; they do not explain the enforcement of same.
Your problem in seeing them as vague is because they are broad restrictions on government power beyond those limited and specific powers enumerated to the government.
The biggest defect I can see in the Constitution is that it didn't have provisions for a state wanting out. Like I said, secession isn't a unilateral right IMNHO. Especially if you just apply it literally to the 10th Amendment, because that means that, in theory, one could secede as an individual from the US government and his or her state, and declare himself and his parcel of land to be a sovereign nation, with no say-so on anyone else's part.