In 1860 that didn't apply to the 3.5 million Americans who were slaves.
Walt
And how many of those 3.5 million were found in Northern states? How many black lawmakers were there in the North prior to 1860, how many successful black business owners, etc.?
Face it, Walt, blacks were as much "n------" in the North as they were in the South as evidenced by the hypocrisy of Northern whites keeping the blacks from living in the white cities of the North.