The stand I had actually has a knob that can hold the umbrella and its shaft tight, but I guess it wasn’t tight enough for that wind.
Those bases are only designed to hold in light wind. If a storm is coming, best to remove umbrella from base and store it. Even closed in the stand, wind can push and blow up into the umbrella frame…. You would need the canopy very securely strapped down to avoid this.
I had an umbrella almost driven through my kitchen window by wind. After that, I definitely took it down for storms.