[sphinx]

Correction: to which three of the campaigns of 1814, 1815, 1870-71, 1914 and 1918 did Churchill refer? War guilt is a separate question; my point here is simply to nail down the "Germany invaded France three times in a hundred years" meme. I do think the idea seeped into the collective consciousness from the Churchill quote, which was actually making a somewhat different point.

[sparklite2]

I read a book on Franco-German relations prior to WWI and came to the same conclusion I came to on reading the history of the English-Irish “Troubles.” That conclusion was, “A pox on both their houses.”

Germany and France deserved each other.