Word of mouth is THE most effective method. Even manipulated WoM. I saw an article in the British tabloid, Daily Mail, that a famous perfume brand, Jo Malone, had no money for advertising when they launched in America, so they had 50 people they knew walk around NYC in public carrying empty, branded shopping bags. They termed it Walking the Dogs. It worked.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3836162/Jo-Malone-broke-America-getting-friends-parade-BAGS-New-York.html
How many ads did Khomeni buy in Iran, 1978-79?