Sorry but I really doubt the line assembly union guys miraculously became software coders and car engineers... the decision to do this to be able to sell these cars with false claims happened at design and engineering time not at the assembly plant.
Sounds like it happened at European headquarters. Stay tuned; BMW and Mercedes might be on the hook, too, although to a lesser extent.
um, I didn’t mean the unions designed the cars, they put the hit on VW