There is no jurisdiction over non-US citizens working in foreign countries. Therefore, they are not ‘subject to the jurisdiction thereof’.
Because they aren’t SUBJECTS of the US in the first place.
If someone is required by US law to file a tax return our ability to enforce that law isn't affected by their citizenship status. It may be affected by geography, but that's true for citizens and non-citizens alike.
Again, can you give me an example of a law that we can enforce against citizens but not illegal aliens?