The proper term in the railroad industry is Event Recorder. Actually, speedometers are still refered to as “Speed Recorders” as the old ones had a paper tape that would log the speed of the locomotive. Modern Event Recorders are digital and download with a SD card... some railroads have “radio downloads” of the event recorder... as the locomotive comes into the terminal yard it wirelessly transfers the data on the Event Recorder. Speed, Throttle setting, dynamic braking, Brakepipe pressure, and a couple other things are logged. Most of the GE locomotives I worked on had a satellite uplink on the cab roof to send engine telemetry to Erie where recorded faults would warrant a shopping to run a specific workscope to troubleshoot and repair the cause of the fault code.
NEW VIDEO released in Amtrak #188 Crash (official)
and he states that the locomotive had CAMERAS as well.