[Mr Ramsbotham]

This is amazing! Does anyone know when was the last time a Pope called for an armed response?

Urban II?

[mware]

We are the militant church. Our duty is to fight evil where we see it.

[SeekAndFind]

Some crusades were not even against Islam.

For example, The Crusade of Aragón was declared by Pope Martin IV against King Peter III of Aragon in 1284 and 1285. Peter was supporting the anti-Angevin forces in Sicily following the Sicilian Vespers, and the papacy supported Charles of Anjou.

Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed a crusade against Frederick III of Sicily, the younger brother of Peter, in 1298, but was unable to prevent Frederick’s crowning and recognition as King of Sicily.

Also, In April 1487, Pope Innocent VIII called a crusade against the Waldensian heretics of Savoy, the Piedmont, and the Dauphiné in southern France and northern Italy. The only efforts actually undertaken were against heretics in the Dauphiné, and resulted in little change.