The Roman renamed the Jews and Israel “Palestine” as a demeaning insult to remind the Jews of the humiliation of the Greek invasion and take over centuries earlier. ( Google the holiday of Hannukah- that is where it comes from) The Romans gave the Jews and Israel this name during the siege of Jerusalem which took place on Tisha B’Av, 70 A.D. (See the writtings of Josephus Flavius and Titus.)
As a side note, the writtings of Josephus are translated into English and are a fascinating read.