Great treatise; my eyeballs fell out. I’m saving it for a cold, snowy day, for reading in front of the fireplace.
There was a naval siege of Turkish fortifications that matched shipboard cannon against a trebuchet. Reportedly the Turks were able to sink a number of ships with stone balls and win the day. Consider, an 18" granite sphere would weigh about 1.2 tons; now figure the energy at terminal velocity.
I can't recall the specifics of the battle but I'll bet Civ can help out.