Hogwash. The Egyptians and Romans had numerals long before Mohammerhead ever conned his perverted countrymen into believing he was some kind of prophet. And mathematics existed long before the Middle Ages anyway.
The numerals you're describing are ARABIC, but they're certainly not muslim.
One of the earliest mathematical systems was developed by the Assyrians, who in turn taught the Babylonians, who passed it onto the Persians, the Greeks, the Egyptians and the Romans. Mathematically speaking, some of the greatest inventions came from the Greeks - for it was the Greeks who taught that a thing was not knowable unless it could be proved to be so. Also, the Greeks gave us the concept of the infinite and the infinitesimal. Babylonians gave us quadradic equations and Romans used the Babylonian/Greek discovery of PI and converted it into an architectural wonder with the arch.
The Assyrians and Babylonians had a number for "0". Centuries later the west adopted the Hindu symbol for "0". The Romans did not use "0". (MMII = 2002), but they had fractions. "0" is not as important in the evolution of society as fractions are.
Muslim contributions don't scompare on this scale.