Don’t know. I don’t have time to research treaties made in the 1800s with foreign countries - but a treaty made by a President and ratified by the Senate cannot overrule the Constitution, since power flows from the states to the federal government via the Constitution. Ever hear of states’ rights?
Like all laws they have to be challenged in court. Bad laws, and in this case a “bad” treaty, are still the law unless overturned by a court, unless the Executive Branch, the President, or the foreign country that is party to it withdrawals from the treaty. And as of 1898, the Chinese immigration treaty of 1881 was still in effect. It was not overturned by no court, or none of the parties withdrew from it; so it was still the Law of the Land.